An integrated approach based landslide susceptibility mapping: case of Muzaffarabad region, Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Pakistan with the study area highlighted in red and map showing the elevation, fault lines, and waterways of the studied area.

Figure 2. Methodological flowchart of the study showing all the important steps and sequence of the work.

Figure 3. The general structure showing different kinds of layers and learning mechanism of ANN as an MLP.

Table 1. Multicollinearity analysis of landslide inducing factors.

Factors	Statistics
	TOL	VIF
Aspect	0.201	4.97
Curvature	0.887	1.12
Earthquake intensity	0.817	1.22
Elevation	0.647	1.54
Flow direction	0.728	1.37
Lithology	0.652	1.53
NDVI	0.521	1.91
NDWI	0.678	1.47
Rainfall	0.718	1.39
Slope	0.23	4.34
Fault density	0.241	4.14
Road density	0.168	5.95
Waterways density	0.386	2.59

Table 2. Obtained relative importance of landslide inducing factors from different models.

Factors	SVM	ANN	PSO–SVM	PSO–ANN
Aspect	7	9	6	5
Curvature	10	6	9	11
Earthquake intensity	5	7	4	6
Elevation	11	9	12	13
Flow direction	8	9	11	9
Lithology	9	10	11	9
NDVI	7	6	6	8
NDWI	10	9	9	11
Rainfall	11	12	10	9
Slope	10	13	10	11
Fault density	5	4	6	3
Road density	4	3	3	3
Waterways density	3	3	3	2
Total	100	100	100	100

Figure 5. Formulated landslide susceptibility maps using SVM (a), ANN (b), SVM-PSO (c), and ANN-PSO (d) models.

Table 3. Area division of landslide susceptibility types generated from different models.

Models	Units	Susceptible type
		Very low	Low	Moderate	High	Very high
SVM	Sqm	807	4753	8912	4792	1401
	Pct	3.9	23.0	43.1	23.2	6.8
ANN	Sqm	663	4943	8694	4887	1478
	Pct	3.2	23.9	42.1	23.6	7.2
PSO-SVM	Sqm	756	4833	8827	4854	1395
	Pct	3.7	23.4	42.7	23.5	6.8
PSO-ANN	Sqm	799	4783	8898	4802	1403
	Pct	3.9	23.1	43.1	23.2	6.8

Figure 6. The ROC curves of the used models obtained for the testing dataset.

Table 4. Outcomes of accuracy assessment of the generated maps from different models.

Models	Accuracy (%)
SVM	80
ANN	82
PSO–SVM	86
PSO–ANN	89

Availability of Data

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.