Comprehensive typhoon hazard zoning in China based on historical records

Figures & data

Figure 1. Typhoon mean intensity and paths based on historical data from 1949 to 2017: (a) the mean intensity distribution of typhoon monitoring points from 1949 to 2017; (b) the typhoon paths from 1949 to 2017.

Figure 2. Typhoon disaster assessment model.

Notes: The addition and subtraction signs near the index represent the positive and negative correlation indexes, respectively.

Table 1. The indicators in the typhoon hazard assessment model.

Destination level	Criterion level	Index level	Subindex level	Reference
Hazard zoning of typhoon	Hazard-causing factor	Strong wind	The maximum wind speed	(Yin et al. 2013)
			Super typhoon frequency	(Yin et al. 2013)
		Rainstorm	Daily maximum rainfall	(Hernández et al. 2018)
			Process accumulated rainfall	(Yin et al. 2013)
	Sensitivity of natural environment to hazard	Topography and landforms	Elevation	(Hernández et al. 2018)
			Slope	(Yin et al. 2013)
		Vegetation coverage		(Wang et al. 2016)
		Water systems	River density	(Hernández et al. 2018)
			Distance from rivers	(Hernández et al. 2018)
	Vulnerability of social environment to hazard	Population density		(Wang et al. 2016)
		Economic density		(Wang et al. 2016)
		Farmland produce potential		(Wang et al. 2016)
		Road network density		(Yin et al. 2013)
		Per capita economic density		(Hernández et al. 2018)
	Hazard mitigation measure	Infrastructure construction		(Hernández et al. 2018)
		Highway accessibility		(Wang et al. 2016)
		Railway coverage		(Yin et al. 2013)

Table 2. Statistics of questionnaire results and index weights.

Index	Extremely important	Very important	Relatively important	Slightly important	Equally important	Mean score	Sample size	Weights
Score	9	7	5	3	1	–	–	–
All factors
Hazard-causing factor	18	2	0	0	0	8.8	20	38.1%
Vulnerability of hazard natural environment	1	5	6	7	1	4.8	20	20.8%
Sensitivity of hazard social environment	1	6	7	5	1	5.1	20	22.1%
Hazard mitigation measure	0	5	6	7	2	4.4	20	19%
Hazard-causing factor
The maximum wind speed	7	6	6	1	0	6.9	20	9.6%
Super typhon frequency	6	8	4	2	0	6.8	20	9.51%
Daily maximum rainfall	12	7	1	0	0	8.1	20	11.3%
Process accumulated rainfall	4	4	6	5	1	5.5	20	7.69%
Vulnerability of hazard natural environment
Elevation	4	7	5	3	1	6	20	4.01%
Slope	6	5	6	2	1	6.3	20	4.21%
Vegetation coverage	7	4	4	3	2	6.1	20	4.08%
River density	9	4	2	4	1	6.6	20	4.42%
Distance from rivers	3	8	7	1	1	6.1	20	4.08%
Sensitivity of hazard social environment
Population density	6	7	5	2	0	6.7	20	5.58%
Economic density	5	9	4	2	0	6.7	20	5.58%
Farmland produce potential	11	7	2	0	0	7.9	20	6.57%
Road network density	3	4	7	4	2	5.2	20	4.34%
Per capita economic density	9	8	2	1	0	7.5	20	5.55%
Hazard mitigation measure
Infrastructure construction	11	6	3	0	0	7.8	20	5.78%
Highway accessibility	5	3	4	5	3	5.2	20	3.85%
Railway coverage	3	6	3	6	2	5.2	20	3.85%

Figure 3. Zoning based on hazard-causing factors in China: (a) the maximum wind speed of landing typhoons from 1949 to 2017 (m/s); (b) the frequency of super typhoons per year from 1949 to 2017; (c) the proportion of the maximum rainstorm in the total rainfall in each city from 1961 to 2015 (%); (d) Process accumulated rainfall during landing typhoons from 1961 to 2017 (mm); (e) the overlaid layer of four hazard-causing factors (standardized value).

Figure 5. Zoning based on the vulnerability of hazardous social environment in China: (a) population density per square kilometer in 2015 (number of people per square kilometer); (b) economic density per square kilometer in 2015 (GDP per square kilometer); (c) Farmland produce potential from global agro-ecological zones in 2015 (kg/ha); (d) road network density of each county from Google map in 2018 (km/km²); (e) the overlaid layer of four factors of hazard social environment (standardized value).

Figure 6. Regionalization based on hazard mitigation measures in China: (a) per capita GDP per square kilometer in 2015 (yuan per number of people and square kilometer); (b) infrastructure density (the number of hospitals) of each county from Google Maps in 2018 (the number per square kilometer); (c) highway accessibility in 2018 (h); (d) railway network density of each county from Google Maps in 2018 (km/km²); (e) the overlaid layer of four factors of hazard mitigation measures (standardized value).

Figure 7. Comprehensive hazard zoning of typhoon hazards in China.

Yin J, Dai E, Wu S. 2013. Integrated risk assessment and zoning of typhoon hazards in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica. 33(11):1370–1376. (in Chinese)

 Google Scholar

Hernández ML, Carreño ML, Castillo L. 2018. Methodologies and tools of risk management: hurricane risk index (HRi). Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 31:926–937. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.08.006.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang R, Lian F, Yu H, Shi P, Wang J. 2016. Classification and regional features analysis of global typhoon disaster chains based on hazard-formative environment. Geogr. Res. 35(5):836–850. (in Chinese)

 Google Scholar

Data availability statement

All datasets used in this study are open-source and freely available from the sources cited in the text.