Rotavirus vaccine response correlates with the infant gut microbiota composition in Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics RV1 Non-responders and Responders.

	RV1 Non-responders	RV1 Responders	p-value	Dutch infants	p-values (NL-NR; NL-R)
N	10/66 (15%)	10/66 (15%)	NA	10	NA
Gender			0.65
Male	6/10 (60%)	5/10 (50%)		6/10	1.0; 0.65
Female	4/10 (40%)	5/10 (40%)		4/10
RV1 dosing			0.82
6/10 wks	1/10 (10%)	2/10 (20%)		NA
10/14 wks	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)
6/10/14 wks	8/10 (80%)	7/10 (70%)
Rotavirus Season			1.000	NA
Yes	4/10 (40%)	4/10 (40%)
No	6/10 (60%)	6/10 (60%)
Location of delivery			0.64
Home	4/10 (40%)	3/10 (30%)		4/10	1.0; 0.64
Healthcare	6/10 (60%)	7/10 (70%)		6/10
Mode of delivery			1.00
Vaginal	9/10 (90%)	9/10 (90%)		10/10	0.29; 0.29
C-section	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)		0/10
Feeding			1.00
Breastfeeding	9/10 (90%)	9/10 (90%)		7/10	0.35; 0.35
BF + Formula	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)		2/10
Formula	0/10 (0%)	0/10 (0%)		1/10
Malnutrition
(Z score<−2)
Length-for-age	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)	1.00	0/10	0.22; 0.22
Weight-for-length	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)		0/10
Weight-for-age	1/10 (10%)	1/10 (10%)		0/10

Note. Baseline characteristics of the infants enrolled in the nested study and differences between the Pakistani RV1 non-responders and responders as determined by the Chi-square test. Baseline characteristics of the matched Dutch infants and differences between Dutch and Pakistani RV1 non-responders and responders, respectively as determined by the Chi-square test. Abbreviations: RV1, Rotavirus vaccine; NL, Dutch infants.

Figure 1. Distribution of the relative abundance of bacteria between Pakistani responders and non-responders. The relative abundance (%) for all phyla (class for Firmicutes) (1A), significantly different phyla (p < 0.05) (1B), and significantly different bacteria at the genus-like level (FDR < 0.5) (1C) are illustrated. Bean plots compare Pakistani responders (1, orange) and non-responders (0, red). The horizontal black line is the median and the height of each bean plot illustrates the distribution of the values for abundance within each group.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic Heat Tree illustrates the differences in relative bacterial abundance between Pakistani non-responders and responder infants. Colored blue are bacteria where a lower abundance associates with RVV response and colored red are bacterial groups where a higher abundance correlates with RVV response.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic Heat Tree illustrates the differences in relative bacterial abundance between all Pakistani non-responder, Pakistani responder and Dutch infants when indexed by response. Each group's RVV response is indexed (Pakistani non-responder 1, responder 2, and Dutch infants 3) and those bacteria with significant linear associations with index are colored. Colored blue are bacteria where a lower abundance associates with RVV response and colored red are bacterial groups where a higher abundance correlates with RVV response.