Impact of glyphosate (Roundup^TM) on the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome

Figures & data

Figure 1. Shikimate pathway and resistance mechanisms to glyphosate. 1. Glyphosate inhibits the EPSPS enzyme. 2. The epsp gene can be overexpressed to combat EPSPS inhibition. 3. Efflux pumps are used to export glyphosate out of the cell as a form of resistance. 4. Amino acid biomarkers on the EPSPS enzyme determine the sensitivity of that enzyme to glyphosate. Changes in amino acid sequence can confer resistance to glyphosate. Created using Biorender.

Figure 2. Potential effect of glyphosate exposure on the various bodily systems based on animal studies. Created using Biorender.

Figure 3. Glyphosate degradation pathways and the subsequent products resulting. Created using Biorender.

Figure 4. Examples of animal models used to examine the effect of glyphosate on the gut microbiome and the increase and decrease in bacterial species present. * - concentrations of glyphosate used and duration of experiment. Created using Biorender.