Comparison of fidaxomicin, thuricin CD, vancomycin and nisin highlights the narrow spectrum nature of thuricin CD

Figures & data

Table 1. List of bacterial strains used and their growth conditions. MRSA – methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, VISA – vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.

Species	Strain	Growth conditions
		Media	Temp (°C)	Atmosphere
Staphylococcus aureus	DPC 5243	BHI	37	aerobic
Staphylococcus aureus	DPC 7073	BHI	37	aerobic
Staphylococcus aureus	Newman	BHI	37	aerobic
VISA	32679	BHI	37	aerobic
Staphylococcus epidermidis	DPC 5990	BHI	37	aerobic
Staphylococcus capitis	APC 2923	BHI	37	aerobic
MRSA	DPC 5684	BHI	37	aerobic
Staphylococcus intermedius	DSM 20373	BHI	37	aerobic
Streptococcus agalactiae	ATCC 13813	BHI	37	aerobic
Streptococcus pyogenes	DPC 6992	BHI	37	aerobic
Streptococcus uberis	DPC 5344	BHI	37	aerobic
Streptococcus salivarius	APC 138	BHI	37	aerobic
Streptococcus pneumoniae	APC 3849	BHI	37	aerobic
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	wcfsI	mMRS	37	aerobic
Limosilactobacillus fermentum	APC 2582	mMRS	37	aerobic
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	LMG 6901	mMRS	37	anaerobic
Lactobacillus acidophilus	DPC 3323	mMRS	37	anaerobic
Lactobacillus helveticus	DPC 5308	mMRS	37	aerobic
Ligilactobacillus salivarius	APC 2096	mMRS	37	aerobic
Enterococcus faecium	DPC 3675	BHI	37	aerobic
Enterococcus faecium	DPC 25644	BHI	37	aerobic
Enterococcus faecium	APC 1031	BHI	37	aerobic
Enterococcus faecalis	5152	BHI	37	aerobic
Enterococcus faecalis	OG1RF	BHI	37	aerobic
Enterococcus durans	EM138	BHI	37	aerobic
Listeria monocytogenes	33007	BHI	37	aerobic
Listeria monocytogenes	EDG-e	BHI	37	aerobic
Listeria monocytogenes	L028	BHI	37	aerobic
Listeria innocua	DPC 3572	BHI	37	aerobic
Lactococcus lactis	MG 1614	GM17	30	aerobic
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris	HP	GM18	30	aerobic
Lactococcus lactis	MG 1363	GM19	30	aerobic
Bacillus firmus	APC 6349	BHI	37	aerobic
Bacillus thuringiensis	DPC 6341	BHI	37	aerobic
Bacillus subtilis	S249	BHI	37	aerobic
Bacillus cereus	DPC 6087	BHI	37	aerobic
Micrococcus luteus	DSMZ 1790	BHI	37	aerobic
Actinomyces oris	CCUG 34286	BHI	37	anaerobic
Actinomyces ruminicola	DPC 7276	BHI	37	anaerobic
Ruminococcus gnavus	JCM659ST	YCFA	37	anaerobic
Ruminococcus gauvreauii	DSMZ 19829	YCFA	37	anaerobic
Blautia producta	DSMZ 2950	YCFA	37	anaerobic
Bifidobacterium longum	ATCC 15707	YCFA	37	anaerobic
Clostridioides difficile	APC 43	RCM	37	anaerobic
Clostridioides difficile	APC 1412	RCM	37	anaerobic
Clostridioides difficile	28196	RCM	37	anaerobic
Clostridioides difficile	1696	RCM	37	anaerobic

Table 2. Activity of fidaxomicin (F), thuricin CD (T), vancomycin (V), and nisin (N) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL against a variety of bacterial strains measured by WDA. The zone size measured in mm was used to determine the color depicted in the Table. Values are means (n = 3). APC – APC culture collection, ATCC – American Type Culture Collection, DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, DPC – Teagasc Culture Collection, LMG = Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universteit Gent, Belgium, JCM – Japan Collection of Microorganisms.

Table 3. MIC of fidaxomicin, thuricin CD, vancomycin, and nisin against a variety of bacterial strains. Values are means (n = 3).

Figure 1. Quantification of C. difficile cells prior to fermentation and 24 h after incubation for each antimicrobial and the no treatment control. Values are means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 9). ***, p ≤ 0.001; **, p ≤ 0.01; *, p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 2. (a) Antimicrobial activity of the fermentate of each sample against C. difficile APC 43 after 24 h of fermentation. (b) Antimicrobial activity of fermentate of nisin, thuricin CD, T0 control and T24 control after 24 h of fermentation and treatment with IPA-TFA.

Figure 3. Alpha Diversity presented as Shannon Indices after 24 h across treatment groups. T0 baseline control, No treatment control at 24 h, Fidaxomicin 100 µM at 24 h, Nisin 100 µM at 24 h, Thuricin CD 100 µM at 24 h and vancomycin 100 µM at 24 h.

Figure 4. Beta Diversity presented as Bray-Curtis divergence after 24 h across treatment groups. T0 baseline control, No treatment control at 24 h, Fidaxomicin 100 µMat 24 h, Nisin 100 µM at 24 h, Thuricin CD 100 µM at 24 h and Vancomycin 100 µM at 24 h.

Figure 5. Relative abundance at the genus level across treatment groups.

Figure 6. Relative abundance at the phylum level across treatment groups.

Data availability statement

The authors declare that all the data supporting our findings in the study are available within the paper.