Drug discovery inspired by bioactive small molecules from nature

Figures & data

Figure 1. Biological actions of endogenous small molecules in the control of cellular signaling and metabolism via metabolite-protein interactions.

Table 1. Selected examples of bioactive NP extracts.

Sources	In vitro & biological effects (References)
Phloms lanata	Anti-oxidative effects, T cell activity control (Couladis et al. 2003; Karali et al. 2016)
Microalgae Euglena tuba	Anti-tumor effects (Shanab et al. 2012; Gupta et al. 2022)
Holothuria atra	Anti-tumor effects (Nursid et al. 2019; Cui et al. 2022; Nugroho et al. 2022)
Polyalthia evecta	Anti-tumor effects (Machana et al. 2012)
Solieria robusta	Anti-tumor effects (Yen et al. 2014)
Tagetes erecta	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor effects (Burlec et al. 2021; Cui et al. 2021)
Sorbus commixta Sorbus acuparia, Sorbus caucasica	Anti-tumor, anti-bacterial effects (Park et al. 2017)
Populus tremuloides	Anti-microbial effects (Turumtay et al. 2017; St-Pierre et al. 2018)
Jatropha gossypiifolia	Antmicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, anti-tumor effects (Félix-Silva et al. 2014)
Terminalia macroptera	Anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic effects (Pham et al. 2014; Ior et al. 2021)
Onopordum acanthium	Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, cardiotonic effects (Lajter et al. 2015; Robertovna et al. 2019)
Brown algae (e.g. Ascophyllum nodosum)	Anti-tumor, anti-diabetic effects (Austin et al. 2018; Gabbia and Martin 2020)
Allium sativum	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, lipid-lowering effects, gastrointestinal motility control (Kimura et al. 2017; Moon et al. 2022)
Mangifera indica	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor effects (Noratto et al. 2010; Jung et al. 2022)
Agrimonia pilosa	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, analgesic effects (Feng et al. 2022; Wen et al. 2022)
Clerodendrum trichotomum	Anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic effects (Kim et al. 2009; Jang et al. 2021)
Geranium thunbergii	Anti-tumor, anti-obesity effects (Sung et al. 2011; Choi et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2020a)
Colored corn (Zea mays L.)	Ant-bacterial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effects, neuroprotection (Colombo et al. 2021; Kim et al. 2021b; No et al. 2021)

Table 2. Selected list of bioactive secondary metabolites derived from plant NPs.

Metabolites	Sources	In vitro & biological effects (References)
Avenanthramide	Avena sativa	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory actions (Collins 1989; Koenig et al. 2016; Lim and Kang 2020)
Apigenin	Fruits, vegetables	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor effects (Bao et al. 2013; Rahmani et al. 2022)
Baicalein	Scutellaria species	Anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor effects (Chandrashekar and Pandi 2022)
Betulinic acid	Plants (Betula sp.)	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor effects (Ríos and Máñez 2018; Park et al. 2021)
Chloroquine	Cinchona sp.	Anti-malarial, anti-tumor, immune suppressive, autophagy-inhibitory effects (Zhou et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2021)
Chrysin	Honey, vegetables, (Pelargonium crispum, Passiflora incarnate, etc.)	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-nociceptive effects, neuroprotection (Mani and Natesan 2018; Hong et al. 2020; Stompor-Gorący et al. 2021)
Cynarin	Cynara cardunculus	Anti-oxidative, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-HIV, anti-tumor, cholesterol-lowering effects (Topal et al. 2016; Hakkou et al. 2017; Kim et al. 2022a)
Decursin	Angelica gigas	Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic effects (Yim et al. 2005; Shehzad et al. 2018; Ahmed et al. 2020)
Ginsenoside	Panax ginseng	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, cognitive improvement effects (Ratan et al. 2021; Hou et al. 2022)
Hesperidin	Vegetables	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory effects, gastrointestinal motility control (Garg et al. 2001; Hwang et al. 2020)
Honokiol	Magnolia officinalis	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effects, protective actions in various organs (e.g. liver, brain) (Park et al. 2020; Rauf et al. 2021)
Kazinol	Broussonetia kazinoki	Anti-tumor, autophagy-promoting effects (Kim et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2022)
Lapachone	Tabebuia avellanedae	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging (Gomes et al. 2021)
Luteolin	Aromatic flowering plants, vegetables, Salvia tomentosa, Aiphanes aculeate	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombogenic effects, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, mood control (Mahdiani et al. 2022; Sur and Lee 2022)
α-Mangostin	Garcinia mangostana	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, cardioprotection (Zhang et al. 2017; John et al. 2022)
Quercetin	Fruits, vegetables	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-aging effects (Deepika 2022; Jan et al. 2022)
Rosmarinic acid	Boraginaceae family and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae family	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive effects (Moore et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2020; Jeong et al. 2021)
Resveratrol	Red grapes, blueberries, and many food products (soy, nuts, etc)	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, autophagy-promoting effects (Fu et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2021)
Plumbagin	Plumbago zeylanica	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial effects (Hwang et al. 2015; Cai et al.2020)
Rutin	Fruits (e.g. oranges, lemons, grapes)	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory effects, hepatoprotection (Enogieru et al. 2018; Choi et al. 2021)
Tannic acid	Fruits, vegetables	Anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory effects, neuroprotection, cardioprotection (Luduvico et al. 2020; Jing et al. 2022; Kim et al. 2022b)

Figure 2. Strategy of secondary metabolites-inspired drug discovery.

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