Translation and cultural adaptation of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale into Arabic for use with patients with diabetes in Libya

Figures & data

Figure 1. The Final version of the Arabic Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale.

Table 1. Mean + SD or tallies of anthropometric and demographic data of participants.

Characteristic	Men (n = 54)	Women (n = 55)	All sample (n = 109)	P value^a
Age (years)	48.09 ± 14.84	51.62 ± 14.00	49.87 ± 14.47	0.21
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.43 ± 4.87	29.14 ± 4.89	28.80 ± 4.87	0.46
Plasma glucose (mg/dl)	154.08 ± 59.20	162.28 ± 56.02	158.38 ± 57.42	0.47
Duration of diabetes (years)	12.56 ± 7.12	17.95 ± 11.74	15.28 ± 10.06	0.05
Smoking (%)	n = 28 (51.9%)	n = 0 (0%)	25.7%	0.00
Duration of smoking (years)	11.41 ± 13.34	^b	11.41 ± 13.34^b	0.00
Employment (%)	n = 29 (53.7%)	n = 23 (41.8%)	n = 52 (47.7%)	0.21
Education (%)
● Cannot read or write	n = 9 (16.7%)	n = 15 (27.3%)	n = 24 (22.0%)	0.18
● Can read and write	n = 7 (13.0%)	n = 8 (14.5%)	n = 15 (13.8%)	0.82
● Primary	n = 8 (14.8%)	n = 9 (16.4%)	n = 17 (15.6%)	0.81
● Secondary	n = 17 (31.5%)	n = 10 (18.2%)	n = 27 (24.8%)	0.11
● University or above	n = 13 (24.1%)	n = 13 (23.6%)	n = 26 (23.9%)	0.95
Marital status (%)
● Married (no children)	n = 6 (11.1%)	n = 0 (0%)	n = 6 (5.5%)	0.01
● Married (with children)	n = 40 (74.1%)	n = 51 (92.7%)	n = 91 (83.5%)	0.00
● Unmarried	n = 8 (14.8%)	n = 4 (7.3%)	n = 12 (11.0%)	0.00

^aDifferences between mean ± SD of men and women were tested by unpaired t-test, while differences between proportions of males and females in other parameters were tested by Z-test.

^bNone of the women were smokers, so there is no mean or standard deviation for this group. In all sample these figures are only for males.

Table 2. Kappa measurement of agreement between Arabic LANSS and Arabic S-LANSS scores at study visit one and for Arabic LANSS between study visit 1 and 2.

	Arabic LANSS (visit 1) vs Arabic S-LANSS (visit 1)		Arabic LANSS visit 1 vs Arabic LANSS visit 2
	Kappa	P value	Kappa	P value
Item 1	0.98	<0.01	1	<0.001
Item 2	1	<0.001	1	<0.001
Item 3	1	<0.001	1	<0.001
Item 4	0.98	<0.01	0.98	<0.01
Item 5	0.95	<0.01	1	<0.001
Item 6	1	<0.001	1	<0.001
Item 7	0.97	<0.01	1	<0.001