Initial increase in glucose variability during Ramadan fasting in non-insulin-treated patients with diabetes type 2 using continuous glucose monitoring

Figures & data

Figure 1. Time plan for the study.

Table 1. Clinical patient characteristics

Male (%)	73.0
Age (years)	55.0 (9.8)
Diabetes duration (years)	10.4 (6.8)
Weight (kg)	84.9 (17.3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.6 (6.0)
FPG (mg/dl)	133.5 (35.5)
HbA1c (%)	6.7 (1.0)

Data are shown in mean (SD). FPG = fasting plasma glucose, BMI = body mass index, HbA1c = glycosylated haemoglobin A1c.

Table 2. Interstitial glucose variability during CGM recording

		Pre-Ramadan (non-fasting)	Early-Ramadan (fasting)	P	Late-Ramadan (fasting)	P	Post-Ramadan (non-fasting)	P
MAGE	All (n = 33)	54 (26–120)	70 (33–146)	0.007	67 (30–124)	ns	65 (35–144)	ns
	Male (n = 24) Female	58.5 (34–120) 52 (26–113)	75.5 (37–146) 66 (33–80)	0.008 ns	71 (30–114) 60 (40–124)	ns ns	57 (35–144) 80 (38–135)	ns ns
	≤2 ADM >2 ADM	46 (26–120) 69 (40–113)	58 (33–123) 81.5 (53–146)	ns 0.027	55 (30–114) 76 (36–124)	ns ns	65 (35–136) 69.5 (41–144)	ns ns
	On SU (n = 13) No SU	69 (33–120) 46 (26–111)	86.5 (60–146) 58 (33–96)	0.009 ns	83 (40–124) 61 (30–103)	ns ns	84 (51–144) 53 (35–136)	ns ns
CV		0.18 (0.12–0.41)	0.20 (0.10–0.34)	ns	0.20 (0.13–0.30)	ns	0.21 (0.12–0.28)	ns
TIR (%)		92 (39–100)	93 (51–100)	ns	92 (15–100)	ns	91 (08–100)	ns
TIHyper (%)		6 (0–61)	7 (0–49)	ns	6 (0–85)	ns	8 (0–92)	ns
TIHypo (%)		0 (0–20)	0 (0–8)	ns	0 (0–8)	ns	0 (0–9)	ns

Data are shown in median (range). P = P-value vs. pre-Ramadan. MAGE = mean amplitude of glucose excursions, ADM = anti-diabetic medication, SU = sulphonylurea, CV = coefficient of variation, TIR = time in range (70–180 mg/dl), TIHyper = time in hyperglycemia.

(>180 mg/dl), TIHypo = time in hypoglycaemia (< 70mg/dl).