Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes: Results from a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Lebanon during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Respondents’ perceived preparedness to COVID-19 outbreak

	n (%) out of 152^a	95% C.I. (LL, UL)
My employer has provided me with information about novel coronavirus and how to recognize and respond to possible cases	140 (92)	(87, 96)
My employer has instituted travel/exposure history screening for all patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms	140 (92)	(87, 96)
I have access to N95 respirators in my unit/department	121 (80)	(72, 86)
I have access to PAPRs	43 (28)	(21, 36)
My employer has sufficient PPE stock on hand t protect staff if there is a rapid surge in patients with possible coronavirus infections	96 (63)	(55, 71)
I have been trained on safely donning and doffing PPE in the previous year	123 (81)	(74, 87)
I have been fit tested in the previous year	69 (46)	(37, 54)
There has been a plan in place to isolate a patient with a possible novel coronavirus infection	132 (87)	(80, 92)
My employer had an overflow plan to place additional, trained staff to enable safe care provision to patients on isolation for possible novel coronavirus	89 (59)	(50, 66)
My employer has a policy to address employees with suspected or known exposure to novel coronavirus	127 (84)	(77, 89)

^a152 is the total number of participants who were asked about preparedness, and those were from anesthesiology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, and surgical specialties.

95% C.I. (LL, UL): 95% Confidence Interval for a Proportion (Lower Limit, Upper Limit).

Table 2. Association of mental health dimensions with demographics

Dimension	Total, n (%)^a	Gender			Occupation				Living conditions
		n (%)^a			n (%)^a				n (%)^a
		Males, n = 83	Females, n = 110	P-value	Physician, n = 63	Resident, n = 46	Nurse, n = 84	P-value	With family, n = 138	Alone, n = 55	P-value
Anxiety	47 (24)	16 (19)	31 (28)	0.18	11 (18)	6 (13)	30 (36)	0.004	37 (27)	10 (18)	0.26
Depression	44 (23)	17 (21)	27 (25)	0.6	11 (18)	6 (13)	27 (32)	0.02	36 (26)	8 (15)	0.08

^aShown as percentage of the total number who screened positive for anxiety or depression.

Table 3. Association of mental health dimensions with exposure history

Dimension	Total, n (%)^a	Worked in a unit dealing with suspected COVID-19 patients			Exposed to COVID-19 person			Cared for COVID-19 patient			Had a COVID-19 family member/friend
		n (%)^a			n (%)^a			n (%)^a			n (%)^a
		Yes, n = 115	No, n = 78	P-value	Yes, n = 42	No, n = 151	P-value	Yes, n = 35	No, n = 158	P-value	Yes, n = 19	No, n = 174	P-value
Anxiety	47 (24)	30 (26)	17 (22)	0.49	11 (26)	36 (24)	0.75	7 (30)	40 (25)	0.51	7 (37)	40 (23)	0.18
Depression	44 (23)	29 (25)	15 (19)	0.33	12 (29)	32 (21)	0.31	8 (23)	36 (23)	0.99	6 (32)	38 (22)	0.33

^aShown as percentage of the total number who screened positive for anxiety or depression.

Table 4. Association of risk perceptions and altruistic acceptance of risk with mental health dimensions

Risk perceptions	Total, n (%)^a	Anxiety			Depression
		n (%)^b			n (%)^b
		Yes n = 47	No n = 146	P value	Yes n = 44	No n = 149	P value
I believed that my job was putting me at great risk	134 (69)	37 (79)	97 (66)	0.11	38 (86)	96 (64)	0.01
I felt extra stress at work	127 (66)	39 (83)	88 (60)	0.004	36 (82)	91 (61)	0.01
I was afraid of falling ill with COVID-19	114 (59)	34 (72)	80 (55)	0.03	34 (77)	80 (54)	0.01
I felt I had little control over whether I would get infected or not	83 (43)	25 (53)	58 (40)	0.11	60 (40)	23 (53)	0.16
I thought I would be unlikely to survive if I were to get COVID-19	20 (10)	10 (21)	10 (7)	0.01	11 (25)	9 (6)	0.00
I thought about resigning because of COVID-19*	6 (3)	2 (4)	4 (2.7)	0.64	1 (2.3)	5 (3)	1.00
I was afraid I would pass COVID-19 on to others	148 (77)	41 (87)	107 (73)	0.05	38 (86)	110 (74)	0.08
My family and friends were worried that they might get infected through me	115 (60)	32 (68)	86 (57)	0.17	30 (68)	85 (57)	0.19
People avoided my family because of my work	49 (25)	19 (40)	30 (21)	0.01	17 (35)	32 (21)	0.02
Altruistic acceptance of risk
I accept the risk of caring for COVID-19 patient	135 (70)	28 (60)	107 (73)	0.08	25 (57)	110 (74)	0.03

^aShown as percentage of the total number who perceived some threat.

^bShown as percentage of the total number who screened positive for anxiety or depression.

Association of risk perceptions, altruistic acceptance of risk with demographics

Risk perceptions	Total, n (%)^a	Gender			Occupation				Living conditions
		n (%)^a			n (%)^a				n (%)^a
		Males, n = 83	Females, n = 110	P-value	Physician, n = 63	Resident, n = 46	Nurse, n = 84	P-value	With family, n = 138	Alone, n = 55	P-value
I believed that my job was putting me at great risk	134 (69)	57 (69)	77 (70)	0.84	41 (65)	31 (67)	62 (73)	0.49	99 (72)	35 (64)	0.27
I felt extra stress at work	127 (66)	55 (66)	72 (66)	0.91	38 (60)	21 (46)	68 (81)	0.00	96 (70)	31 (56)	0.08
I was afraid of falling ill with COVID-19	114 (59)	53 (64)	61 (56)	0.24	33 (52)	23 (50)	58 (69)	0.05	87 (63)	27 (49)	0.08
I felt I had little control over whether I would get infected or not	83 (43)	39 (47)	44 (40)	0.33	20 (31)	23 (50)	40 (47)	0.09	59 (43)	24 (44)	0.91
I thought I would be unlikely to survive if I were to get COVID-19	20 (10)	11 (13)	9 (8)	0.25	6 (10)	4 (9)	10 (11)	0.82	14 (10)	6 (11)	0.88
I thought about resigning because of COVID-19	6 (3)	2 (2)	4 (4)	0.70	1 (2)	0 (0)	5 (6)	0.12^#	5 (4)	1 (2)	0.67^#
I was afraid I would pass COVID-19 on to others	148 (77)	66 (60)	82 (75)	0.42	42 (67)	41 (89)	65 (77)	0.02	103 (75)	45 (82)	0.29
My family and friends were worried that they might get infected through me	115 (60)	54 (65)	61 (56)	0.18	31 (49)	28 (61)	56 (66)	0.10	83 (60)	32 (58)	0.8
People avoided my family because of my work	49 (25)	18 (21)	31 (28)	0.32	6 (10)	8 (17)	35 (41)	0.00	37 (27)	12 (22)	0.47
Altruistic acceptance of risk
I accept the risk of caring for COVID-19 patient	135 (70)	58 (70)	77 (70)	0.99	42 (67)	38 (83)	55 (66)	0.1	88 (64)	48 (87)	0.003

^aShown as percentage of the total number who perceived some threat. ^# Fisher’s exact test instead of Chi-square was used for association.

Association of risk perceptions, altruistic acceptance of risk with exposure history

Risk perceptions	Total, n (%)^a	Worked in a unit dealing with suspected COVID-19 patients			Exposed to COVID-19 person			Cared for COVID-19 patient			Had a COVID-19 family member/friend
		n (%)^a			n (%)^a			n (%)^a			n (%)^a
		Yes, n = 115	No, n = 78	P-value	Yes, n = 42	No, n = 151	P-value	Yes, n = 35	No, n = 158	P-value	Yes, n = 19	No, n = 174	P-value
I believed that my job was putting me at great risk	134 (69)	90 (78)	44 (56)	.001	29 (69)	105 (70)	0.95	27 (77)	107 (68)	0.27	16 (84)	118 (68)	0.14
I felt extra stress at work	127 (66)	86 (75)	41 (53)	.001	27 (64)	100 (66)	0.82	25 (71)	102 (65)	0.44	13 (68)	114 (66)	0.80
I was afraid of falling ill with COVID-19	114 (59)	73 (64)	41 (53)	0.13	20 (48)	94 (62)	0.09	20 (57)	94 (60)	0.80	11 (58)	103 (59)	0.91
I felt I had little control over whether I would get infected or not	83 (43)	51 (44)	32 (41)	0.65	17 (41)	66 (44)	0.71	15 (43)	68 (43)	0.98	7 (37)	76 (44)	0.57
I thought I would be unlikely to survive if I were to get COVID-19	20 (10)	12 (10)	8 (10)	0.97	4 (10)	16 (11)	0.84	3 (9)	17 (11)	0.70	1 (11)	19 (11)	0.44
I thought about resigning because of COVID-19^#	6 (3)	4 (4)	2 (3)	1.00^#	2 (5)	4 (3)	0.61^#	3 (9)	3 (2)	0.07^#	0 (0)	6 (3)	1.00^#
I was afraid I would pass COVID-19 on to others	148 (77)	90 (78)	58 (74)	0.52	33 (79)	115 (76)	0.74	29 (83)	119 (75)	0.34	14 (74)	134 (77)	0.75
My family and friends were worried that they might get infected through me	115 (60)	78 (68)	37 (47)	0.005	28 (67)	87 (58)	0.29	24 (69)	91 (57)	0.23	13 (68)	102 (59)	0.41
People avoided my family because of my work	49 (25)	39 (34)	10 (13)	0.001	13 (31)	36 (24)	0.35	11 (31)	38 (24)	0.36	1 (5)	48 (28)	0.04^#
Altruistic acceptance of risk
I accept the risk of caring for COVID-19 patient	135 (70)	87 (76)	48 (62)	0.04	36 (86)	99 (66)	0.01	31 (88)	104 (66)	0.008	13 (68)	122 (70)	0.87

^aShown as percentage of the total number who perceived some threat ^# Fisher’s exact test instead of Chi-square was used for association.