The effect of workplace bullying on fatigue in school teachers: the moderating roles of gender and spirituality

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of participants (N = 215): frequency and percentage distribution.

Covariate	N (%)	Covariate	N (%)
Being Bullied No (Ref) Yes	155 (72) 60 (28)	Underactive Thyroid (Yes)	7 (3)
Gender Male (Ref) Female	22 (10) 193 (90)	Heart Failure (Yes)	2 (1)
Age 18–49 (Ref) 50 or above	184 (86) 31 (14)	Sleep Apnea (Yes)	3 (1)
Spirituality ≤20 (Ref) 21–36 37–46 >46	57 (27) 59 (27) 48 (22) 51 (24)	Cancer (Yes)	1 (1)
Potential Medical Conditions (Yes)	153 (71)	Depression/Anxiety (Yes)	17 (8)
Anemia (Yes)	23 (11)	Other Diseases (Yes)	12 (6)
Disc Disease (Yes)	13 (6)
Joint Disease (Yes)	11 (5)

Table 2. Simple ordinal logistic regression analysis of the outcome (no fatigue, fatigue, and extreme fatigue) and other covariates.

Covariate	Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR)	95% CI for unadjusted OR	P-value
Being Bullied No (Ref) Yes	—— 2.21	—— [1.12; 4.37]	—— 0.023*
Gender Male (Ref) Female	—— 1.83	—— [0.75; 4.46]	—— 0.181
Age 18–49 (Ref) 50 or above	—— 1.61	—— [0.67; 3.85]	—— 0.285
Spirituality ≤20 (Ref) 21–36 37–46 >46	—— 1.33 0.67 1.11	—— [0.61; 2.93] [0.3; 1.5] [0.49; 2.53]	0.416 —— 0.476 0.331 0.800
Potential Medical Conditions (Yes)	0.29	[0.14; 0.59]	0.001***
Anemia (Yes)	1.43	[0.54; 3.77]	0.473
Disc Disease (Yes)	4.51	[1.26; 16.1]	0.02*
Joint Disease (Yes)	11.17	[3.03; 41.16]	0.001***
Underactive Thyroid (Yes)	0.21	[0.05; 0.96]	0.045*
Heart Failure (Yes)	2.05	[0.11; 37.75]	0.628
Sleep Apnea (Yes)	7.98	[0.8; 79.37]	0.076
Cancer (Yes)	2.04	[0.03; 123.7]	0.733
Depression/Anxiety (Yes)	9.39	[3.04; 29.03]	0.001***
Other Diseases (Yes)	4.78	[1.28; 17.86]	0.02*

*for p < .05; **for p < .01; ***for p < .001.

Table 3. Simple ordinal logistic regression analysis of the outcome (no fatigue, fatigue, and extreme fatigue) and being bullied (yes/no) stratified by gender.

Gender	Males			Females
Being Bullied (Yes)	Unadjusted OR	95% CI for Unadjusted OR	P-value	Unadjusted OR	95% CI for Unadjusted OR	P-value
	1.67	[0.24; 11.58]	0.605	2.4	[1.15; 4.99]	0.019*

*Significant predictor with P-value ≤0.05.

Table 4. Multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis of the outcome (no fatigue, fatigue, and extreme fatigue) with other covariates.

Covariate	Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR)	95% CI for Adjusted OR	P-value
Being Bullied Yes	2.74	[1.3; 5.81]	0.008**
Spirituality ≤20 (Ref) 21–36 37–46 >46	—— 1.29 0.54 0.92	—— [0.55; 3.02] [0.23; 1.27] [0.39; 2.19]	—— 0.558 0.159 0.858
Age 18–49 (Ref) 50 or above	—— 1.46	—— [0.55; 3.85]	—— 0.449
Gender Male (Ref) Female	—— 2.66	—— [1.01; 7.02]	—— 0.047*
Potential Medical Conditions (Yes)	0.53	[0.18; 1.53]	0.235
Disc Disease (Yes)	1.41	[0.31; 6.36]	0.657
Joint Disease (Yes)	3.62	[0.63; 20.83]	0.149
Underactive Thyroid (Yes)	0.09	[0.01; 0.56]	0.01**
Sleep Apnea (Yes)	4.36	[0.28; 66.82]	0.290
Depression/Anxiety (Yes)	5.75	[1.38; 24.07]	0.017*
Other Diseases (Yes)	2.17	[0.45; 10.41]	0.331

*for p < .05; **for p < .01; ***for p < .001.

Data availability statement

The data is available upon reasonable request.