Oral microbiome and obesity in a large study of low-income and African-American populations

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants in the southern community cohort study.

Characteristic	Group	Obese (N = 647)	Non-obese (N = 969)	Combined (N = 1,616)
Age^a (years)		55.61 ± 8.66	55.98 ± 8.81	55.83 ± 8.75
BMI^a (kg/m^2)		36.37 ± 5.68	24.64 ± 3.07	29.34 ± 7.18
Weight change^a,b (kg)		32.52 ± 17.49	8.55 ± 3.07	18.03 ± 18.32
Race (%)
	African-American	449 (69.40%)	609 (62.85%)	1,058 (65.47%)
	European-American	198 (30.60%)	360 (37.15%)	558 (34.53%)
Total energy intake^a (kcal/day)		2,250.24 ± 1,178.09	2,664.32 ± 1,430.18	2,497.17 ± 1,349.15
Alcohol consumption^c (%)
	None	352 (55.78%)	392 (41.22%)	744 (47.03%)
	Light	187 (29.64%)	287 (30.18%)	474 (29.96%)
	Moderate	55 (8.72%)	125 (13.14%)	180 (11.38%)
	Heavy	37 (5.86%)	147 (15.46%)	184 (11.63%)
Tobacco smoking (%)
	Never	277 (42.81%)	270 (27.86%)	547 (33.85%)
	Current	143 (22.10%)	449 (46.34%)	592 (36.63%)
	Former	227 (35.09%)	250 (25.80%)	477 (29.52%)
Tooth loss (%)
	None	84 (17.43%)	105 (18.04%)	189 (17.76%)
	1 to 10	225 (46.68%)	273 (46.91%)	498 (46.80%)
	>10, not all	97 (20.12%)	117 (20.10%)	214 (20.11%)

^aFor age, BMI, weight change and total energy intake, mean ± SD were reported.

^bWeight at enrollment versus weight at 21 years old.

^cAlcohol consumption: Light: < 1 drink/day; Moderate: 1–2 drink/day; Heavy: > 2 drink/day.

Table 2. Probiotic bacterial taxa showing a significantly higher prevalence in non-obese than in obese individuals.

Taxa	Carriage		OR (95% CI)^a	P^a	P^b
	Obese (N = 647)	Non-obese (N = 969)
Phylum Actinobacteria
Genus Bifidobacterium	46.83%	55.73%	0.67 (0.54, 0.83)	2.99 × 10^−4	0.01
Species Bifidobacterium longum	25.50%	35.81%	0.57 (0.45, 0.73)	4.13 × 10^−6	5.41 × 10^−4
Species Bifidobacterium scardovii	31.68%	38.60%	0.74 (0.59, 0.92)	8.18 × 10^−3	0.13
Species Bifidobacterium subtile	4.95%	7.95%	0.55 (0.35, 0.86)	9.85 × 10^−3	0.13
Phylum Firmicutes
Genus Lactobacillus	52.55%	58.20%	0.78 (0.63, 0.97)	0.03	0.18
Species Lactobacillus fermentum	23.49%	28.69%	0.72 (0.56, 0.93)	0.01	0.13
Species Lactobacillus panis	16.69%	19.61%	0.74 (0.55, 0.98)	0.04	0.22
Species Lactobacillus ultunensis	4.79%	8.36%	0.61 (0.39, 0.95)	0.03	0.21

^aORs, 95% CIs and P values were calculated via logistic regression. Sequencing batch as well as other covariates (age, race, gender, disease status, total energy intake, oral health, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption) were adjusted.

^bFalse discovery rate corrected P values.

Table 3. Common bacterial taxa^a showing a significantly higher prevalence in obese than in non-obese individuals.

Taxa	Median relative abundance		Tertile T2	Tertile T3	P trend^b	P trend^c
	Obese (N = 647)	Non-obese (N = 969)	OR (95% CI)^b	OR (95% CI)^b
Phylum Firmicutes
Genus Gemella	2.08%	1.56%	1.09 (0.83, 1.43)	1.48 (1.14, 1.93)	2.25 × 10^−3	0.03
Family Carnobacteriaceae	1.26%	1.12%	1.42 (1.08, 1.86)	1.74 (1.33, 2.27)	5.79 × 10^−5	1.59 × 10^−3
Genus Granulicatella	1.23%	1.07%	1.36 (1.04, 1.78)	1.66 (1.28, 2.18)	1.90 × 10^−4	3.49 × 10^−3
Species Granulicatella adiacens	1.19%	1.04%	1.30 (0.99, 1.70)	1.74 (1.34, 2.27)	3.68 × 10^−5	1.59 × 10^−3
Species Streptococcus oligofermentans	0.32%	0.24%	1.34 (1.01, 1.77)	1.50 (1.13, 1.98)	5.50 × 10^−3	0.04
Phylum Actinobacteria
Species Actinomyces sp. oral taxon 180	0.22%	0.16%	1.37 (1.05, 1.79)	1.48 (1.14, 1.94)	4.38 × 10^−3	0.03

^aFocusing on taxa with median relative abundance of ≥0.1% among non-obese participants.

^bORs, 95% CIs and P values were calculated via logistic regression. Sequencing batch as well as other covariates (age, race, gender, disease status, total energy intake, oral health, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption) were adjusted.

^cFDR-corrected P values.

Figure 1. Co-abundance network of OTUs among all study participants. OTUs that were classified to a same community were marked by the same color and different communities were differentiated by different colors.

Table 4. Rare taxa ^a showing a significantly higher prevalence in obese or non-obese individuals.

	Carriage
Taxa	Obese (N = 647)	Non-obese (N = 969)	OR (95% CI)^b	P^b	P^c
Phylum Actinobacteria
Genus Alloscardovia	21.64%	31.37%	0.64 (0.50, 0.81)	3.05×10^−4	0.01
Genus Anaeroglobus	33.23%	40.25%	0.66 (0.52, 0.84)	6.04×10^−4	0.02
Phylum Proteobacteria
Species Aggregatibacter sp. oral taxon 512	69.71%	62.44%	1.47 (1.16, 1.87)	1.50×10^−3	0.04

^aFocusing on taxa with median relative abundance < 0.1% among non-obese participants.

^bORs, 95% CIs and P values were calculated via logistic regression. Sequencing batch as well as other covariates (age, race, gender, disease status, total energy intake, oral health, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption) were adjusted.

^c FDR-corrected P values.