Time, dwelling and educational disadvantage. Evidence from vocational education students in Italy, France and Greece

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of the sample in terms of gender, specialisation and type of area

	Gender		Specialisation		Not a choice by gender		Not a choice by area
	Boys	Girls	A choice	Not a choice	Boys	Girls	Urban	Rural
France N = 64	45	19	18	46	36	10
Italy N = 79	67	12	76	3	3	0	1	2
Greece N = 79	49	30	55	14	8	7	7	8

Table 2. Correlations between factors, France

FRANCE	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6
Future-negative (F1)	1	-,393**	,477**	-,166	-,359**	,362**
Future-positive (F2)	-,393**	1	-,273*	,612**	,612**	,047
Future-confusion (F3)	,477**	-,273*	1	-,089	-,260*	,245
Future-perseverant (F4)	-,166	,612**	-,089	1	,492**	,202
Future-perspiquity (F5)	-,359**	,612**	-,260*	,492**	1	-,020
Future-planning (F6)	,362**	,047	,245	,202	-,020	1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 3. Correlations between factors, Italy

ITALY	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6
Future-negative, (F1)	1	-,542**	,480**	-,299**	-,451**	,112
Future-positive (F2)	-,542**	1	-,306**	,401**	,516**	,169
Future-confusion, F3)	,480**	-,306**	1	-,277*	-,217	-,113
Future-perseverant, (F4)	-,299**	,401**	-,277*	1	,403**	,130
Future-perspiquity, (F5)	-,451**	,516**	-,217	,403**	1	-,049
Future-planning, (F6)	,112	,169	-,113	,130	-,049	1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 4. Correlations between factors, Greece

GREECE	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6
Future-negative (F1)	1	-,554**	,740**	-,469**	-,509**	,032
Future-positive (F2)	-,554**	1	-,493**	,540**	,607**	,155
Future-confusion (F3)	,740**	-,493**	1	-,369**	-,483**	-,021
Future-perseverant (F4)	-,469**	,540**	-,369**	1	,635**	,338**
Future-perspiquity (F5)	-,509**	,607**	-,483**	,635**	1	,163
Future-planning (F6)	,032	,155	-,021	,338**	,163	1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 5. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the FTPS-AYA for Italy, France, Greece and China

Reliability Cronbach’s α	Future - Negative F1	Future- Positive F2	Future – Confusion F3	Future – Perseverant F4	Future – Perspicuity F5	Future – Planning F6	Total Scale
Italy	0.81	0.76	0.22	0.19	0.56	0.20	0.37
France	0.78	0.74	0.24	0.57	0.18	0.34	0.65
Greece	0.74	0.74	0.61	0.38	0.59	0.05	0.42
China	0.88	0.83	0.76	0.70	0.74	0.66	0.90

Table 6. Cumulative percentages of those who replied “I disagree & I strongly disagree”, “neither agree nor disagree” and “I agree & I strongly agree” in the F1 and F2 factors of the scale in Italy, France and Greece

	I disagree & I strongly disagree	Neither agree nor Disagree	I agree & I strongly agree
ITALY
Future-negative	72.3%	16.1%	11.5%
Future-positive	10.9%	32.4%	56.7%
FRANCE
Future-negative	53.1%	22.5%	24.4%
Future-positive	20.3%	27.8%	51.9%
GREECE
Future-negative	55.7%	28.8%	15.5%
Future-positive	12.9%	29.1%	57.9%

Table 7. One-way ANOVA between gender and the F1 and F2 factors

	FRANCE		ITALY		GREECE
	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive
F	4,324	1,383	,099	3,065	2,502	8,291
Sig.	,042*	,244	,753	,084	,118	,005*

*p < .05

Table 8. One-way ANOVA between age and the F1 and F2 factors

	FRANCE		ITALY		GREECE
	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive
F	,361	1,879	,873	,246	,879	1,362
Sig.	,782	,143	,422	,783	,351	,247

*p < .05

Table 9. One-way ANOVA between specialisation and the F1 and F2 factors

	FRANCE		ITALY		GREECE
	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive
F	2,240	1,964	2,544	2,284	,696	3,456
Sig.	,076	,112	,062	,086	,675	,003*

*p < .05

Table 10. One-way ANOVA between the type of area and the F1 and F2 factors

	FRANCE		ITALY		GREECE
	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive	Future-negative	Future-positive
F	,058	8,726	,119	,327	,990	7,728
Sig.	,811	,972	,731	,569	,323	,007*

*p < .05