Trauma and dissociation among inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Taiwan

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequency of trauma and trauma-related disorders among inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (N = 100)

Trauma	Percentage
BBTS Any childhood trauma	72%
BBTS Any adulthood trauma	42%
BBTS Any high-betrayal trauma	60%
BBTS Any low-betrayal trauma	63%
BBTS Any trauma	81%
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	Percentage
Provisional diagnosis based on the PCL-5^a	67%
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)	Percentage
DDIS BPD symptoms > =  5	4%
Dissociative symptoms and disorders	Percentage
DES-T total score > =  28	62%
DDIS Dissociative amnesia	19%
DDIS Dissociative fugue	5%
DDIS Depersonalization/derealization disorder	0%
DDIS Dissociative identity disorder (DID)^b	3%
DDIS Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD)^c	30%
DDIS Any dissociative disorder (DD)	54%

Notes: BBTS = The Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey; PCL-5 = The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; DES-T = The Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon; DDIS = The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule

^a The PTSD provisional diagnosis was made according to the DSM-5 rules using the PCL-5, treating each item rated as 2 = ‘Moderately’ or higher as a symptom endorsed; to meet the diagnostic criteria, a participant needed to have at least one B item (questions 1-5), one C item (questions 6-7), two D items (questions 8-14), and two E items (questions 15-20), and he/she should also report at least one traumatic experience on the BBTS to fulfil the Criteria A.

^b In addition to the DSM-5 rules for DID, a participant must endorse an additional item ‘at least two of the identities or personalities recurrently take control of your behavior’ on the DDIS.

^c To meet the diagnostic criteria for OSDD, a participant must be judged by the interviewer as having a DD but did not satisfy the criteria for a specific DD (Item 131), and he/she should also report at least five secondary features of DID on the DDIS.

Table 2. Clinical differences between participants with and without a Dissociative Disorder (DD)

	Participants with DD (n = 54)	Participants without DD (n = 46)
Variables	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	t (df = 98)	p
BBTS Total number of types of trauma	2.59 (1.47)	1.93 (2.02)	0.926	.357
DES-T	52.29 (25.21)	36.14 (27.04)	3.088	.003
Number of BPD symptoms	1.48 (1.22)	1.13 (1.50)	1.288	.201
PSYRATS (auditory hallucinations)	25.02 (5.22)	21.87 (6.58)	2.668	.009
PSYRATS (delusions)	10.85 (3.92)	9.11 (3.98)	2.199	.030
Variables	Percentage	Percentage	χ^2 (df = 1)	p
BBTS Any high-betrayal trauma	70.4%	47.8%	5.260	.022
BBTS Any low-betrayal trauma	64.8%	60.9%	0.166	.684
Provisional PTSD diagnosis based on the PCL-5	75.9%	56.5%	4.230	.040

Notes: BBTS = The Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey; DES-T = The Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon; PCL-5 = The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; BPD = Borderline Personality Disorder; PSYRATS = The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales; PTSD = Post-traumatic Stress Disorder