A path to post-trauma resilience: a mediation model of the flexibility sequence

Figures & data

Figure 1. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety sequential mediation model diagram.

Table 1. Participant demographic information.

Variable	n	%
Gender
Male	103	18.3
Female	453	80.5
Transgender female	1	0.2
Transgender male	5	0.9
Prefer not to say	1	0.2
Relationship status
Single/never married	196	34.8
Married/living with partner	325	57.7
Separated/divorced	34	6.0
Widowed	1	0.2
Prefer not to say	1	0.2
Other	6	1.1
Education
Left school with no qualifications	2	0.4
GCSE	74	13.1
A-level	103	18.3
NVQ/CertHEs/HNC/HND	111	19.7
Bachelor’s degree	190	33.7
Master’s degree	71	12.6
Doctoral degree/PhD	12	2.1
Ethnicity
White	518	92.0
Asian/multiple background	11	2.0
Asian/Asian British	20	3.6
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British	10	1.8
Other ethnic group	4	0.7
Employment
Unemployed	45	8.0
Employed	416	73.9
Student (further or higher education)	63	11.2
Retired	12	2.1
Other	27	4.8

Note: Percentages correspond to proportions of total study sample (N = 563).

Table 2. Participant endorsements of any and most distressing life events.

	Endorsed		Most distressing
	n	%	n	%
Natural disaster	81	14.4	13	2.3
Fire or explosion	89	15.8	96	17.1
Transportation accident	309	54.9	15	2.7
Serious accident	75	13.3	19	3.4
Exposure to toxic substance	20	3.6	7	1.2
Physical assault	273	48.5	72	12.8
Assault with a weapon	41	7.3	18	3.2
Sexual assault	139	24.7	122	21.7
Other unwanted sexual experience	279	49.6	59	10.5
Combat or exposure to a war-zone	12	2.1	5	0.9
Captivity	8	1.4	5	0.9
Life-threatening illness or injury	81	14.4	43	7.6
Severe human suffering	29	5.2	6	1.1
Sudden violent death	75	13.3	49	8.7
Sudden accidental death	78	13.9	25	4.4
Serious injury, harm, or death you caused	26	4.6	9	1.6

Note: Percentages correspond to proportions of total study sample (N = 563).

Table 3. Mediation model results.

				95% CI
	Effect	Estimate	SE	Lower	Upper	β	z	p	R^2
PTSD mediation model indirect and total effects
Indirect	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Total_PCL5	0.03437	0.03437	−0.03065	0.10284	0.03281	1.009	.313	.054
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PCL5	−0.02501	−0.02501	−0.05176	0.00287	−0.02387	−1.795	.073	.112
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PCL5	−0.02095	−0.02095	−0.04089	−0.00194	−0.02000	−2.109	.035	.114
Direct	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_PCL5	−0.03225	−0.03225	−0.13714	0.07897	−0.03075	−0.585	.559	.053
	Repertoire ⇒ Total_PCL5	0.07571	0.07571	−0.06448	0.21336	0.05692	1.0681	.285	.053
	Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PCL5	−0.62730	−0.62730	−0.85947	−0.40252	−0.25130	−5.3813	< .001	.112
Total	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_PCL5	−0.02239	0.04335	−0.10735	0.06258	−0.02137	−0.516	.606	–
Depression mediation model indirect and total effects
Indirect	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.00691	0.00422	−0.01504	0.00150	−0.01138	−1.638	.101	.112
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.01836	0.00804	−0.03427	−0.00275	−0.03022	−2.284	.022	.198
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.00405	0.00189	−0.00781	−4.13e−4	−0.00667	−2.148	.032	.204
Direct	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.04902	0.02513	−0.09799	5.17e-4	−0.08070	−1.951	.051	.105
	Repertoire ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.04903	0.02537	−0.09773	0.00170	−0.08253	−1.933	.053	.110
	Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.25182	0.03495	−0.31981	−0.18281	−0.29728	−7.205	< .001	.190
Total	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_PHQ9	−0.07834	0.02492	−0.12719	−0.02949	−0.12897	−3.143	.002	–
Anxiety mediation model indirect and total effects
Indirect	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.00405	0.00361	−0.01104	0.00312	−0.00735	−1.12265	.262	.121
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.01422	0.00656	−0.02707	−0.00137	−0.02577	−2.16766	.030	.179
	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Repertoire ⇒ Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.00314	0.00150	−0.00610	−2.01e−4	−0.00569	−2.08416	.037	.182
Direct	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.05353	0.02197	−0.09585	−0.00974	−0.09706	−2.43688	.015	.113
	Repertoire ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.02876	0.02303	−0.07357	0.01672	−0.05333	−1.249	.212	.107
	Feedback_Monitoring ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.19499	0.03380	−0.25937	−0.12690	−0.25352	−5.770	< .001	.169
Total	Context_Sensitivity ⇒ Total_GAD7	−0.07494	0.02253	−0.11910	−0.03077	−0.13587	−3.32572	< .001	–

Note: Confidence intervals computed with method: bias-corrected bootstrap, iterations = 1000.

Analyses control for age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, relationship, and employment status.

PCL5, PTSD Checklist 5; PHQ9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item; GAD7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item.

Data availability

Data are not made publicly available as consent for this was not sought from participants during initial data collection. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, C. A., upon reasonable request.