Prevalence and prediction of PTSD and depression in mothers of children surviving a motor vehicle crash

Figures & data

Figure 1. PCL score according to PDI and PDEQ score and loess regression for each time-measurement (not adjusted).

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics.

	Total (N = 125)
Age in years
Minimum	26
Mean (sd)	40.83 (5.21)
Median (IQR)	41.00 (37.50, 44.00)
Maximum	54
Unknown	2/125 (1.6%)
Origin
Other	17 (13.6%)
France	107 (85.6%)
Unknown	1/125 (0.8%)
Profession
Artisan, trader, or company manager	2 (1.6%)
Senior executive or professional	10 (8%)
French intermediary professional	14 (11.2%)
Employee	59 (47.2%)
Laborer	1 (0.8%)
Retired	2 (1.6%)
Homemaker	10 (8%)
Unemployed	3 (2.4%)
Unknown	24/125 (19.2%)
Number of children
1	9 (7.2%)
2	47 (37.6%)
3	26 (20.8%)
4 or more	12 (9.6%)
Unknown	31/125 (24.8%)
History of MDE
No	42 (33.6%)
Yes	42 (33.6%)
Unknown	41/125 (32.8%)
Type of exposure
Informed	95 (76%)
Witness	9 (7.2%)
Co-victim	19 (15.2%)
Unknown	2/125 (1.6%)

IQR: Inter Quartile Range; MDE: Major Depressive Episode; N: total number; %: percentage; sd: standard deviation.

Table 2. Baseline clinical characteristics

	Total (N = 125)
PDI Score
Minimum	2
Mean (sd)	16.21 (10.04)
Median (IQR)	14.00 (8.00, 23.00)
Maximum	44
Unknown	4/125 (3.2%)
Binary PDI Score
Negative	61 (48.8%)
Positive	59 (47.2%)
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Dysphoric emotions
Minimum	0
Mean (sd)	10.32 (6.04)
Median (IQR)	10.00 (6.00, 14.25)
Maximum	25
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Threat perception
Minimum	0
Mean (sd)	5.89 (4.84)
Median (IQR)	5.00 (2.00, 9.00)
Maximum	22
Unknown	4/125 (3.2%)
PDEQ Score
Minimum	10
Mean (sd)	19.28 (9.04)
Median (IQR)	16.00 (12.00, 24.25)
Maximum	44
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Binary PDEQ Score
Negative	83 (66.4%)
Positive	37 (29.6%)
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Altered conscience
Minimum	4
Mean (sd)	7.76 (3.97)
Median (IQR)	6.50 (4.00, 10.00)
Maximum	19
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Derealization
Minimum	4
Mean (sd)	7.92 (4.11)
Median (IQR)	6.00 (4.00, 11.00)
Maximum	18
Unknown	5/125 (4.0%)
Cortisol (µg/100 ml)
Minimum	0.05
Mean (sd)	0.51 (0.33)
Median (IQR)	0.47 (0.29, 0.65)
Maximum	2.39
Unknown	24/125 (19.2%)

N: total number; IQR: Inter Quartile Range; PDEQ: Peritraumatic Dissociation Experience Questionnaire; PDI: Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PDEQ Score: total score on the PDEQ; PDI Score: total score on the PDI, sd: standard deviation.

Table 3. PCL score for an augmentation of 1 pt in the PDI Score (and by subscore) – mixed linear models.

Models	Coef	95CI [	; ]	p value
PDI Score – Univariable	0.66	0.44	0.88	.0000
PDI Score – Adjusted	0.47	0.12	0.81	.0100
Dysphoric emotions – Univariable	0.93	0.56	1.29	.0000
Dysphoric emotions – Adjusted	0.71	0.16	1.26	.0146
Threat perception – Univariable	1.46	0.98	1.95	.0000
Threat perception – Adjusted	1.03	0.26	1.79	.0107

Coef: coefficient; PCL: Post Traumatic Checklist; PDI: Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PDI Score: total score on the PDI; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval.

Table 4. PCL score for an augmentation of 1 pt in the PDEQ Score (and by subscore) – mixed linear models.

Models	Coef	95CI[	; ]	p value
PDEQ Score – Univariable	0.62	0.36	0.89	.0000
PDEQ Score – Adjusted	0.43	0.00	0.85	.0522
Altered conscience – Univariable	1.52	0.88	2.16	.0000
Altered conscience – Adjusted	1.36	0.31	2.40	.0139
Derealization – Univariable	1.18	0.62	1.75	.0001
Derealization – Adjusted	0.68	−0.16	1.51	.1185

Coef: coefficient; PCL: Post Traumatic Checklist; PDEQ: Peritraumatic Dissociation Experience Questionnaire; PDEQ Score: total score on the PDEQ; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval.

Table 5. PTSD risk for an augmentation 1 pt in PDI Score (and by subscore) – mixed logisitc models.

Models	OR	95CI[	; ]	p value
PDI Score – Univariable	1.50	1.08	2.08	.0165
PDI Score – Adjusted	1.45	1.04	2.02	.0285
Dysphoric emotions – Univariable	1.40	0.83	2.37	.2092
Dysphoric emotions – Adjusted	1.55	0.87	2.78	.1394
Threat perception – Univariable	3.10	1.04	9.22	.0422
Threat perception – Adjusted	2.92	0.99	8.57	.0514

Table 6. Association between baseline characteristics and baseline cortisol levels (bivariate)

Label	Levels	Mean (sd)	Coefficient (bivariable 1)
Quartiles_of_age	[26,37.5]	0.52 (0.47)	–
	(37.5,41]	0.51 (0.25)	−0.01 (−0.20–0.18, p = .920)
	(41,44]	0.54 (0.28)	0.02 (−0.17–0.22, p = .831)
	(44,54]	0.47 (0.34)	−0.05 (−0.25–0.15, p = .609)
Origin	Other	0.44 (0.23)	–
	France	0.52 (0.34)	0.08 (−0.14–0.30, p = .470)
Grouped_profession	uSPC	0.53 (0.27)	–
	iSPC	0.58 (0.36)	0.05 (−0.11–0.20, p = .569)
	lSPC	0.40 (0.25)	−0.13 (−0.33–0.08, p = .221)
Number_of_children	1	0.59 (0.26)	–
	2	0.51 (0.26)	−0.08 (−0.30–0.14, p = .473)
	3	0.49 (0.28)	−0.10 (−0.34–0.14, p = .402)
	4 or more	0.55 (0.48)	−0.04 (−0.35–0.27, p = .800)
History_of_MDE	No	0.45 (0.23)	–
	Yes	0.49 (0.25)	0.04 (−0.07–0.15, p = .487)
Type_of_exposure	Informed	0.53 (0.36)	–
	Witness Co-victim	0.38 (0.15)	−0.15 (−0.38–0.08, p = .203)
		0.52 (0.25)	−0.01 (−0.19–0.18, p = .953)
PDI Score	Negative	0.59 (0.39)	–
	Positive	0.43 (0.25)	−0.16 (−0.29 to −0.03, p = .020)
PDEQ Score	Negative	0.54 (0.36)	–
	Positive	0.44 (0.24)	−0.10 (−0.25–0.05, p = .181)

MDE: Major Depressive Episode; PDEQ: Peritraumatic Dissociation Experience Questionnaire; PDI: Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PDEQ Score: total score on the PDEQ; PDI Score: total score on the PDI; sd: standard deviation; iSPC: French intermediary socio-professional category; lSPC: French lower socio-professional category; uSPC: French upper socio-professional category.