The associations between metabolic profiles and sexual and physical abuse in depressed adolescent psychiatric outpatients: an exploratory pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants with covariates in the multivariate models, and linear regression coefficients in models predicting Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) Sexual Abuse and Physical Abuse factor scores.

Demographic or clinical factor		TADS Sexual Abuse		TADS Physical Abuse
		B	p	B	p
Male n (%)	12 (16)	.017	.887	-.155	.182
Age, mean (SD)	16.43 (1.57)	.194	.092	.071	.543
BMI, mean (SD)	23.33 (5.67)	.135	.245	.195	.091
IDQ scores, mean (SD)	25.61 (5.69)	-.199	.084	-.204	.077
Smoking, mean (SD)	6.49 (8.99)	.182	.116	.258	.024
Alcohol consumption, mean (SD)	2.70 (2.94)	.24	.037	.098	.398
BDI scores, mean (SD)	30.18 (7.57)	.29	.011	.129	.267
Chronic depression n (%)	43 (57)	-.232	.044	-.329	.004
Medication n (%)	45 (59)	-.048	.231	-.036	.346
SSRI n (%)	25 (33)	.034	.845	-.034	.838

Legend: Smoking (ASSIST Tobacco scale, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test); Alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test); BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; IDQ, Index of Diet Quality subset; medication, including agomelatine, mirtazapine, SSRI, antipsychotic medication, or other medications; B, standardised regression coefficient; p, p-value from linear regression (significance); SD, standard deviation; SSRI, medication with only selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of metabolites correlating positively (+) or negatively (-) with the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) Sexual and Physical Abuse scores, and the related systems or mechanisms in which these metabolites are involved.

Figure 2. Illustration of the one-carbon metabolism methionine cycle, as well as the transsulfuration and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathways. Round symbols represent the TADS Sexual Abuse scale, hexagons the TADS Physical Abuse scale, and + and – symbols represent the direction of correlation between the scale and the metabolite. aKB, α-ketobutyrate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; CSE, cystathionine gamma-lyase; DMG, dimethylglycine; ETA, ethanolamine; GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase; GS, glutathione synthetase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; Pi, phosphate; PPi, pyrophosphate; PS, phosphatidylserine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, KK. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. The study plan approved by the ethical committee and the participant consent terms preclude public sharing of these sensitive data, even in anonymized form.