Initial validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a sample of Chilean adults

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequency of traumatic life events (direct or indirect exposure) by gender.

	Traumatic life event	Male (n = 71)	%	Female (n = 204)	%	χ^2	Total sample	%
1	Natural disasters	51	71.8	139	68.1	0.336	190	69.1
2	Sexual aggression	22	31.0	111	54.4	11.574*	133	48.4
3	Physical aggression	25	35.2	74	36.3	0.026	99	36.0
4	Accident	32	45.1	88	43.1	0.080	120	43.6
5	Unexpected death	35	49.3	93	45.6	0.291	128	46.5
6	COVID injury/death	21	29.6	88	43.1	4.048*	109	39.6
7	Other	27	38.0	98	48.0	2.129	125	45.5

Note. *p < .05, **p < .001.

Table 2. Self-identified worst event to answer the ITQ by gender.

	Selected traumatic life	Male (n = 71)	%	Female (n = 204)	%	χ^2	Total sample	%
1	Natural disasters	14	19.7	25	12.3	2.411	39	14.2
2	Sexual aggression	4	5.6	56	27.5	14.697**	60	21.8
3	Physical aggression	9	12.7	22	10.8	.188	31	11.3
4	Accident	4	5.6	22	10.8	1.632	26	9.5
5	Unexpected death	21	29.6	46	22.5	1.412	67	24.4
6	COVID injury/death	4	5.6	8	3.9	.370^a	12	4.4
7	Other	15	21.1	25	12.3	3.335	40	14.5

Note. ^aFisher’s exact test = .514. **p < .001

Table 3. Differences by gender One-Way Analysis of Variance.

	Female		Male		Total		F (1,273)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
No. Traumas	3.39	1.70	3	1.65	3.29	1.70	2.763
Level of threat	5.25	1.35	4.70	1.58	5.11	1.43	8.022*
Childhood adversities	1.77	1.63	1.56	1.54	1.72	1.61	.906
PTSD score	7.55	5.52	4.21	5.32	6.69	5.65	19.596**
DSO score	10.65	5.93	9.65	6.43	10.39	6.07	1.445
Depression	9.00	5.84	7.61	5.57	8.64	5.79	3.098
Anxiety	7.57	5.24	5.58	4.46	7.05	5.12	8.173*
Suicidal risk	.88	1.85	.69	1.73	.83	1.81	.590

Note. *p < .05, **p < .001.

Table 4. Model fit statistics for alternative models of ICD-11 PTSD based on the ITQ (n = 275).

Models	χ^2	df	p	CFI	TLI	RMSEA (90% CI)	SRMR	BIC
M1	794.556	54	.000	.522	.415	.223 (0.210–0.237)	.178	9.841.521
M2	47.578	39	.163	.994	.991	.028 (0.000–0.053)	.030	9.098.500
M3	269.364	48	.000	.857	.803	.129 (0.115–0.145)	.148	9.300.067
M4	67.463	47	.027	.987	.981	.040 (0.014–0.060)	.036	9.075.563

Note. χ2 = Chi-square Goodness of Fit statistic; df = degrees of freedom; p = probability value; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; RMSEA (90% CI) = Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation with 90% confidence intervals; SRMR = Standardised Square Root Mean Residual; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.

Table 5. Standardised factor loadings for Model 4.

	Re	Av	Th	AD	NSC	DR	PTSD	DSO
Re1	.752
Re2	.883
Av1		.845
Av2		.801
Th1			.859
Th2			.815
AD1				.475
AD2				.781
NSC1					.937
NSC2					.910
DR1						.899
DR2						.787
Re							.856
Av							.887
Th							.815
AD								1.101
NSC								.841
DR								.877

Note. All loading statistically significant (p < .001).

Table 6. Correlations between the ITQ symptom clusters with the number of Traumatic life event, number of childhood adversities, depression, anxiety and suicide risk.

	Trauma no.	CAd no.	Depression	Anxiety	Suicide risk
Re	.260**	.291**	.260**	.400**	.273**
Av	.196**	.299**	.263**	.383**	.261**
Th	.244**	.261**	.308**	.468**	.252**
Ad	.158**	.353**	.657**	.485**	.355**
Nsc	.128*	.294**	.815**	.576**	.506**
Dr	.075	.306**	.572**	.448**	.309**
PTSD	.271**	.331**	.327**	.491**	.306**
DSO	.133*	.356**	.778**	.573**	.449**
Δ r PTSD-DSO	.138	−.025	−.451	−.082	−.143
z	2.034	−.390	−8.917	−1.490	−2.280
p	.041	.696	< .001	.135	.022

Note. CAd = Childhood adversities. *p < .05, **p < .001.

Table 7. Differences by probable PTSD/CPTSD diagnosis One-Way Analysis of Variance.

	No diagnosis (n = 231)		PTSD (n = 13)		CPTSD (n = 31)		F (2, 272)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Depression	8.09	5.62	5.54	3.10	14.06	4.84	18.621**
Anxiety	6.25	4.66	8.54	4.72	12.45	5.28	24.124**
Suicide risk	.69	1.62	.00	.00	2.23	2.74	12.098**

Note. In all cases Tukey’s post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between CPTSD and the other two groups, between PTSD and No diagnosis, groups the differences were not significant (p > .05). **p < .001.

short-legendFigure 1.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.