Unpacking gender-specific risk and protective factors for mental health status among Congolese refugees in Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1. Measurement scales.

	Females				Males
Variable	α	Min.-Max.	M (SD)	% Yes	α	Min.-Max.	M (SD)	% Yes
1. Married, living with spouse	–	0–1	–	45.7	–	0–1	–	83
2. Literate	–	0–1	–	37.9	–	0–1	–	57.5
3. Group Membership	–	0–1	–	48.6	–	0–1	–	49.8
4. Cognitive SC	.70	0–15	8.86 (3.44)	–	.75	0–16	6.78 (3.80)	–
5. Conflict-related PTEs	–	0–19	14.92 (4.20)	–	–	0–19	14.39 (3.67)	–
6. Rape	–	0–1	–	38.6	–	0–1	–	8.4
7. Adjustment	–	0–3	1.79 (1.00)	–	–	0–3	1.82 (0.95)	–
8. Discrimination	–	0–3	1.29 (1.21)	–	–	0–3	1.22 (1.11)	–
9. Depression	.95	1–4	2.86 (.69)	–	.95	1–4	2.65 (.74)	–
10. PTSS	.96	0–76	47.34 (18.52)	–	.95	0–76	43.66 (18.50)	–

Note: Relationship status coded 0 = not living with a partner (single, spouse elsewhere, widowed), 1 = living with partner. Literacy coded 0 = not literate, 1 = literate. Conflict-related PTEs = number of conflict-related potentially traumatic events. Rape coded 0 = no, 1 = yes. Cognitive SC = cognitive social capital. PTSS = Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms.

Table 2. Bivariate associations of study variables for females (N = 370) and males (N = 297).

Scale	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Marital Status	–	−.04	.10	−.01	−.15**	−.18**	−.18**	−.03	−.26**	−.20**
2. Literacy	.01	–	.17**	−.09	−.16**	−.02	−.12*	−.03	−.15**	−.13*
3. Group Membership	−.07	.31**	–	.10	−.17**	−.10	−.31**	−.17**	−.19**	−.21**
4. Cognitive SC	.01	.04	.18**	–	.07	−.18**	−.23**	−.37**	−.19**	−.25**
5. Conflict-related PTEs	.07	−.19**	−.18**	.19**	–	.32**	.32**	.16**	.36**	.48**
6. Rape	.01	−.04	−.03	.01	.24**	–	.21**	.20**	.35**	.33**
7. Adjustment	.02	−.06	−.22**	−.19**	.22**	.12*	–	.46**.	.41**	.49**
8. Discrimination	−.03	−.15**	−.16**	−.34**	.13*	.24**	.44**	–	.28**	.34**
9. Depression	.06	−.34**	−.36**	−.28**	.32**	.10	.38**	.43**	–	.84**
10. PTSS	.01	−.24**	−.32**	−.13*	.47**	.17**	.38**	.38**	.74**	–

Note: The correlations in the upper half of the matrix are for females and the correlations on the bottom half of the matrix are for males. Relationship status coded 0 = not living with a partner (single, spouse elsewhere, widowed), 1 = living with partner. Literacy coded 0 = not literate, 1 = literate. Conflict-related PTEs = number of conflict-related potentially traumatic events. Rape coded 0 = no, 1 = yes. Cognitive SC = cognitive social capital. PTSS = Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

Table 3. Results of multigroup path analysis.

Depression
	Female			Male
	Estimate	SE	p	Estimate	SE	p	z-score^a
Relationship Status	0.204	.060	<.001	0.071	.090	.428	−1.231
Literacy	−0.140	.063	.026	−0.305	.071	<.001	−1.746*
Adjustment	0.145	.036	<.001	0.124	.040	.002	−0.385
Discrimination	0.025	.029	.378	0.151	.036	<.001	2.725***
Conflict-related PTEs	0.035	.008	<.001	0.048	.010	<.001	1.024
Rape	0.240	.066	<.001	−0.121	.126	.337	−2.545**
Group Membership	−0.015	.063	.811	−0.218	.072	.003	−2.121**
Cognitive SC	−0.034	.010	<.001	−0.035	.010	<.001	−0.068
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
	Female			Male
	Estimate	SE	p	Estimate	SE	p	z-score
Relationship Status	2.500	1.543	.105	−1.313	2.275	.564	−1.387
Literacy	−1.913	1.603	.233	−3.049	1.800	.090	−0.471
Adjustment	5.153	.913	<.001	3.178	1.014	.002	−1.448
Discrimination	1.494	.736	.042	3.227	.905	<.001	1.485
Conflict-related PTEs	1.431	.201	<.001	1.955	.254	<.001	1.618
Rape	4.272	1.681	.011	0.065	3.183	.984	−1.169
Group Membership	−0.433	1.596	.786	−5.363	1.833	<.001	−2.029**
Cognitive SC	−0.508	.244	.037	−0.374	.246	.129	0.389

Note: Unstandardised estimates are shown. Relationship status coded 0 = not living with a partner (single, spouse elsewhere, widowed), 1 = living with partner. Literacy coded 0 = not literate, 1 = literate. Conflict-related PTEs = number of conflict-related potentially traumatic events. Rape coded 0 = no, 1 = yes. Cognitive SC = cognitive social capital.

^a z-score is a test of the difference in the estimates for females and males on each parameter. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.