Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of refugees: a network analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Single symptom endorsements, means and standard deviations.

ID	Mean	Standard deviation
FLASH	2.03	.92
DREAM	1.86	1.00
INTRU	1.71	1.00
EREAC	1.95	.99
PREAC	1.78	1.01
AVTHT	1.75	1.03
AVSIT	1.70	1.08
AMNES	1.24	1.10
DISINT	1.44	1.10
DTACH	1.74	1.11
RAFF	1.73	1.11
SLEEP	2.05	1.03
ANGE	1.53	1.06
CONC	2.13	.93
HYPER	1.75	1.08
STRTL	1.82	.99
NBEL	1.67	1.11
BLAM	1.67	1.04
NEMO	1.68	1.02
RISK	.99	1.03
ID	Variable
FLASH	Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event
DREAM	Recurrent distressing dreams of the event
INTRU	Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring
EREAC	Emotionally upset when reminded of the traumatic event (emotional cue reactivity)
PREAC	Experiencing physical reactions reminded of the traumatic event (physical cue reactivity)
AVTHT	Avoid thoughts, feelings or conversations associated with the trauma
AVSIT	Avoid activities, people or places reminding of the traumatic event
AMNES	Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma (trauma-related amnesia)
DISINT	Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities
DTACH	Feeling of detachment or estrangement from others
RAFF	Restricted range of affect
SLEEP	Difficulty falling or staying asleep
ANGE	Irritability or outbursts of anger
CONC	Difficulty concentrating
HYPER	Hypervigilance
STRTL	Exaggerated startle response
NBEL	Persistent negative beliefs about oneself, others or the world
BLAM	Persistent extreme blame of oneself or others for what happened
NEMO	Strong general negative emotional state
RISK	Excessive risk-taking or doing things that might hurt oneself (self-destructive or reckless behaviour)

Brackets: Due to clarity and simplicity of the text, some items were used under the term set in brackets (i.e. ‘Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma’ was used as ‘Trauma-related amnesia’).

Figure 1. Estimated network of 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms.

Nodes represent symptom and edges represent a partial correlation between the symptoms, after controlling for all other correlations of a given node. PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Figure 2. Centrality measurements for the estimated network of 20 DSM-5 PTSD shown in Figure 1.

PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Figure 3. Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals for estimated edge weights for the network of 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms shown in Figure 1.

The edge weights, each horizontal line representing one edge, are represented by the red line, the 95% confidence intervals by the grey area. PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Figure 4. The average correlation between bootstrap centrality measures of networks sampled with node-dropping and the network of 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms shown in Figure 1.

PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.