Associations between neurocognitive functioning and social and occupational resilience among South African women exposed to childhood trauma

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants, N = 314.

	Mean (SD) or %
Age	30.71 (7.91)
Ethnicity
Black	98.3%
Coloured	1.7%
Home language
English	1.4%
isiXhosa	94.9%
Other	3.7%
Education
Grade 8 or less	10.8%
Grade 9–12	86.2%
Diploma	1.7%
University degree	1.3%
Household income
Less than R10,000 (US$781)	86.8%
More than R10,000	13.2%
Primary breadwinner (yes)	32.4%
Marital status
Married/cohabitating	25.7%
Separated/divorced/widowed	4.0%
Single	70.3%
HIV Status (+)	47.3%
Employed (yes)	28.4%
Number of children	1.57 (1.24)

Table 2. Means, standard deviations, and zero order correlations between raw neurocognitive scores and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) domains of functioning, depressive and trauma symptoms, and childhood abuse severity.

Neurocognitive Domain	Neurocognitive Test	Mean (SD)	Physical Health	Feelings	Household	Hobbies	Social	General Activities	Social Resil.	Occupation Resil.
Processing Speed	WAIS-III DS	47.60 (15.06)	.03	.05	−.13*	.01	−.11	.01	−.15*	−.18**
	WAIS-III SS	17.36 (8.34)	.02	.04	−.13*	.04	−.09	.02	−.11	−.16**
Attention/Working	PASAT	22.68 (9.63)	.02	.03	−.08	.01	−.06	.03	−.08	−.10
Memory	WMS-III SS	11.35 (3.30)	.02	.05	−.04	.00	−.01	−.02	−.02	−.07
Executive Function	WCST	16.82 (12.36)	−.05	−.05	−.03	−.02	.02	−.06	.02	−.02
	Stroop – CW	30.22 (10.06)	.04	−.01	−.08	.04	−.08	.06	−.10	−.11
Learning and Recall	HVLT learning	22.98 (4.11)	−.03	.01	−.09	.04	−.09	.01	−.10	−.11
	HVLT recall	7.85 (2.67)	−.05	.01	−.10	.08	−.11	.00	−.12*	−.12*
	BVMT learning	18.17 (7.88)	−.01	.01	−.12*	.04	−.13*	−.02	−.15**	−.15*
	BVMT recall	7.35 (3.28)	−.06	−.08	−.17**	−.03	−.18*	−.07	−.20**	−.20**
Language	COWAT	24.10 (9.16)	−.02	−.04	−.06	−.01	−.01	.04	−.02	−.07
	Animals	12.18 (3.08)	−.02	−.02	−.11	.07	−.09	.00	−.11	−.14*
	CTQ	46.49 (19.28)	−.21**	−.19**	−.15**	−.11	−.10	−.20**	-	-
	CES-D	11.96 (14.97)	−.44**	−.45**	−.37**	−.29**	−.34**	−.43**	−.31**	−.31**
	DTS	17.38 (30.41)	−.35**	−.38**	−.27**	−.20**	−.34**	−.31**	−.12**	−.24**

* p < .05, **p < .01; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, DTS = Davidson Trauma Scale; WAIS-II DS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III, Digit Symbol; WAIS-III SS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, III Symbol Search; PASAT = Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; WMS-III SS = Wechsler Memory Scale III, Spatial Span; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sort Task, number of perseverative responses; Stroop CW = Stroop Color Word Test; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – revised (HVLT-R); BVMT-R = Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – revised; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test, number correct.

Table 3. Second step coefficients for final multiple hierarchical regression models isolating the contribution of neurocognitive variables to predicting social and occupational resilience above and beyond the effects of age, education, HIV status, and depressive and PTSD symptoms.

	Social Resiliency				Occupational Resiliency
Variables	B	SE (B)	Β	Δr^2	B	SE (B)	β	Δr^2
Model 1
Age	.02	.01	.14		.02	.01	.17**
Education	−.10	.04	−.15*		−.02	.04	−.03
HIV status	−.14	.12	−.07		−.09	.11	−.05
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.24***		−.02	.00	−.27***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.21**		−.00	.00	−.08
WAIS-III DS	−.00	.01	−.06	.002	−.01	.01	−.14	.010
Model 2
Age	.02	.01	.15*		.02	.01	.19***
Education	−.10	.04	−.15*		−.02	.04	−.04
HIV status	−.14	.12	−.07		−.08	.11	−.04
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.24***		−.02	.00	−.28***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.21**		−.00	.00	−.09
WAIS-III SS	−.01	.01	−.06	.003	−.02	.01	−.13*	.012*
Model 3
Age	.02	.01	.16**		.03	.01	.22***
Education	−.11	.04	−.17		−.05	.04	−.08
HIV status	−.14	.12	−.07		−.08	.12	−.04
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.24***		−.02	.00	−.27***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.21**		.00	.00	−.08
HVLT learning	−.01	.01	−.05	.002	−.01	.01	−.06	.003
Model 4
Age	−.02	.01	.16**		.03	.01	.21***
Education	−.10	.04	−.16**		−.04	.04	−.07
HIV status	−.14	.12	−.07		−.08	.11	−.04
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.23***		−.02	.00	−.26***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.22***		−.00	.00	−.09
HVLT delayed recall	−.03	.02	−.08	.006	−.03	.02	−.08	.006
Model 5
Age	.02	.01	.15*		.03	.01	.20**
Education	−.10	.04	−.16**		−.04	.04	−.07
HIV status	−.15	.12	−.07		−.09	.12	−.04
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.24***		−.02	.00	−.28***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.21**		.00	.00	−.07
BVMT learning	−.01	.01	−.07	.004	−.01	.01	−.08	.004
Model 6
Age	.02	.01	.13*		.02	.01	.19**
Education	−.09	.04	−.14*		−.03	.04	−.05
HIV status	−.17	.12	−.08		−.11	.12	−.06
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.23***		−.02	.00	−.27***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.20**		.00	.00	−.07
BVMT delayed recall	−.04	.02	−.13*	.013*	−.04	.02	−.14*	.014*
Model 7
Age	.02	.01	.16**		.03	.01	.21***
Education	−.10	.04	−.16**		−.04	.04	−.06
HIV status	−.15	.12	−.08		−.10	.12	−.05
CES-D	−.02	.00	−.24***		−.02	.00	−.28***
DTS	−.01	.00	−.21**		−.00	.02	−.08
Animals	−.03	.02	−.09	.006	−.04	.02	.13*	.014*

* p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .00; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DTS = Davidson Trauma Scale