Employee safety perception following workplace terrorism: a longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of participating ministerial employees and summary information on study outcome (feel safe at work) and predictors under investigation across data-collection points after the 22 July 2011 terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway.

	First wave, T1 (1689 participants)	Second wave, T2 (1589 participants)	Third wave, T3 (1347 participants)
Demographics
Gender (participants with data)	(1689)	(1589)	(1347)
Male, n (%)	716 (42.4)	661 (41.6)	589 (43.7)
Female	973 (57.6)	928 (58.4)	758 (56.3)
Age at study start (years) (participants with data)	(1689)	(1589)	(1347)
Mean (SD)	45.3 (10.5)	45.6 (10.3)	45.9 (10.3)
Education (participants with data)	(1683)	(1585)	(1343)
<13 years, n (%)	193 (11.4)	211 (13.3)	184 (13.7)
13–16 years	398 (23.7)	372 (23.5)	335 (24.9)
> 16 years	1092 (64.9)	1002 (63.2)	824 (61.4)
Outcome
Feel safe at work (participants with data)	(1666)	(1572)	(1326)
1 = disagree, n (%)	67 (4.0)	52 (3.3)	27 (2.0)
2	111 (6.7)	110 (7.0)	61 (4.6)
3	217 (13.0)	238 (15.1)	138 (10.4)
4	501 (30.1)	529 (33.7)	408 (30.8)
5 = agree	770 (46.2)	643 (40.9)	692 (52.2)
Predictors
Security measures given sufficient priority (participants with data)	(1663)	(1571)	(1318)
1 = disagree, n (%)	177 (10.6)	138 (8.8)	79 (6.0)
2	284 (17.1)	203 (12.9)	150 (11.4)
3	404 (24.3)	364 (23.2)	227 (17.2)
4	443 (26.6)	453 (28.8)	399 (30.3)
5 = agree	355 (21.4)	413 (26.3)	463 (35.1)
Know evacuation procedures (participants with data)	(1664)	(1569)	(1325)
1 = disagree, n (%)	97 (5.8)	58 (3.7)	32 (2.4)
2	156 (9.4)	125 (8.0)	80 (6.0)
3	301 (18.1)	315 (20.1)	217 (16.4)
4	596 (35.8)	614 (39.1)	488 (36.8)
5 = agree	514 (30.9)	457 (29.1)	508 (38.3)
Sufficient escape and evacuation training (participants with data)	(1663)	(1571)	(1325)
1 = disagree, n (%)	270 (16.3)	209 (13.3)	140 (10.6)
2	368 (22.1)	336 (21.4)	231 (17.4)
3	441 (26.5)	398 (25.3)	326 (24.6)
4	318 (19.1)	357 (22.7)	319 (24.1)
5 = agree	266 (16.0)	271 (17.3)	309 (23.3)
PCL (participants with data)	(1627)	(1533)	(1292)
Mean (SD)	1.44 (0.55)	1.35 (0.54)	1.32 (0.51)

A participant was defined as an employee who answered at least parts of the questionnaire. Because of missing values, the total number of participants with data for a given variable at a given time-point does not necessarily add up to the total number of participants for that time-point.

PCL, PTSD Checklist.

Figure 1. Flow of participants through the three waves of data collection.

Table 2. Unadjusted (univariable), predictor adjusted and full linear mixed-effects model of perceived safety at work among ministerial employees after the 22 July 2011 terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway.

	Model 1 (univariable)		Model 2 (predictor adjusted)		Model 3^a (full model)
	Reg. coefficient (95% CI)	p	Reg. coefficient (95% CI)	p	Reg. coefficient (95% CI)	p
Security measures given sufficient priority^b
Between-subject	0.40 (0.37 to 0.43)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.32 to 0.39)	< 0.001	0.30 (0.27 to 0.34)	< 0.001
Within-subject	0.14 (0.10 to 0.18)	< 0.001	0.13 (0.09 to 0.17)	< 0.001	0.11 (0.08 to 0.15)	< 0.001
Know evacuation procedures^b
Between-subject	0.34 (0.30 to 0.38)	< 0.001	0.19 (0.15 to 0.23)	< 0.001	0.18 (0.14 to 0.21)	< 0.001
Within-subject	0.14 (0.09 to 0.19)	< 0.001	0.12 (0.07 to 0.17)	< 0.001	0.10 (0.05 to 0.15)	< 0.001
Sufficient escape and evacuation training^b
Between-subject	0.24 (0.21 to 0.28)	< 0.001	−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01)	0.140	−0.03 (−0.07 to 0.00)	0.053
Within-subject	0.04 (0.00 to 0.07)	0.028	−0.01 (−0.05 to 0.02)	0.407	−0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02)	0.474
PCL (mean item score)
Between-subject					−0.52 (−0.58 to −0.45)	< 0.001
Within-subject					−0.43 (−0.54 to −0.32)	< 0.001
Gender (male baseline)
Female					−0.04 (−0.10 to 0.03)	0.269
Age (increase of 10 years)					−0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01)	0.004
Education (< 13 years baseline)
13–16 years					0.12 (0.02 to 0.23)	0.024
> 16 years					0.20 (0.10 to 0.30)	< 0.001

All regression coefficients are unstandardized. The outcome variable was a statement I feel safe when I am at work) scored on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree). The unadjusted univariable model (Model 1) includes random slopes for each of the respective within-subject associations. The predictor adjusted model (Model 2) and the full model (Model 3) include random slopes for the within-subject association for the two first predictors only, i.e. Security measures given sufficient priority and Know evacuation procedures.

^aThe number of participants contributing data to at least one time-point for the final model was 2108. Of these, 874 contributed data to all three time-points, 708 contributed to two time-points and 526 contributed to one time-point.

^bThe three main predictors of interest were all statements scored on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree). The between-subject coefficients indicate the difference in perceived safety at work between employees who are, on average, one unit apart on a given predictor. The within-subject coefficients indicate the change in perceived safety at work associated with a one-unit change in a given predictor within an individual across time (see Methods section for further explanation).

PCL, PTSD Checklist; CI, confidence interval.