Developing an Emotion- and Memory-Processing Group Intervention for PTSD with complex features: a group case series with survivors of repeated interpersonal trauma

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic, trauma history, and diagnostic information of study participants.

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Total
	(n = 5)	(n = 5)	(n = 5)	(n = 15)
Sociodemographic
Employed (full- or part-time)	3	1	3	7
Full-time Study	0	3	2	5
Education^1	2/3/0/0	1/1/2/1	0/0/3/2	3/4/5/3
Married/Co-habiting	0	0	0	0
Children	1	1	0	2
Ethnicity^2	4/1/0/0	1/2/1/1	4/1/0/0	9/4/1/1
Trauma History
Abuse in Childhood^3	1/1/1	1/2/1	2/0/2	4/3/4
Abuse in Adulthood^4	3/5/2	2/5/2	2/5/1	7/15/5
Adulthood Road Traffic Accident	0	0	1	1
Adulthood Natural Disaster	0	1	0	1
Current Axis I Comorbidities
Major Depressive Disorder	3	3	1	7
Eating Disorder	0	1	0	1
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	0	0	1	1
Panic Disorder^5	1	1	2	4

¹Secondary Education/College/Further Education – Undergraduate/Further Education – Postgraduate

² White/Black/Asian/Mixed

³ Sexual/Physical/Emotional

⁴ Domestic Violence/Rape or Sexual Assault/Physical Assault

⁵ Secondary to PTSD Diagnosis

Table 2. Pre- and post-treatment scores for symptom and process measures.

	Pre-		Post-
	M	SD	M	SD	t (15)	d
CAPS Severity	72.92	16.00	56.31	17.28	2.70*	1.18
DERS	116.46	23.42	93.54	16.49	3.97**	1.13
Beck Depression Inventory	26.62	9.06	16.23	4.71	5.82***	1.44
CTSQ Total Score	100.38	43.54	63.92	31.76	4.12**	0.96
Chronic State of Perceived Threat	17.15	6.99	12.38	6.42	2.63	0.71
Emotion Dysregulation	16.85	5.51	12.77	5.72	2.32	0.73
Disturbed Sense of Self	25.92	13.36	16.54	11.58	3.54**	0.75
Lack of Recognition and Agency	9.54	6.05	4.15	3.89	4.46**	1.06
Interpersonal Disturbances	13.15	7.40	10.08	7.27	1.50	0.42
Emotional Blunting	12.38	6.89	6.62	3.64	3.47**	1.05
Lack of Meaning	5.38	3.48	1.38	1.66	4.76***	1.47
PTCI Total Score	171.77	40.83	128.08	29.71	4.41**	1.22
Negative Cognitions about the Self	4.49	1.31	3.28	0.88	3.79**	0.48
Negative Cognitions about the World	5.11	1.29	4.29	1.00	4.37**	0.47
Self-blame	4.15	1.03	2.80	1.19	3.90**	0.52

* p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .001

Table 3. Reliable change and clinically significant change for combined groups.

			Reliable Change		Clinically Significant Change
	Test-retest Reliability	SE of Change	Criterion	n (%)	Criterion	n (%)
CAPS – Severity	0.83	9.47	18.55	4 (27)	15 point change	6 (40)
Beck Depression Inventory	0.89	4.25	8.33	9 (60)	18% decrease	10 (75)
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale	0.88	11.47	22.49	7 (47)
Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory	0.82	24.50	48.02	6 (40)

n = number of participants who met the change criterion.

Figure 1. Pre- and post-scores on the CAPS, CTSQ, and PTCI.