Post-trauma cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults following the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Figures & data

Table 1. Levels of risk factors in students with vs without trauma.

Variable	With trauma (n = 54)	Without trauma (n = 318)	p
Age (years)	19.3 ± 1.69	19.5 ± 1.70	0.338*
Gender (male/female; % male)	17/37 (31.5)	105/213 (33.0)	0.824*
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.65 ± 3.04	21.59 ± 3.11	0.903*
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.78 ± 0.07	0.78 ± 0.06	0.952*
Smoking status (current smoker/not smoker; % smokers)	4/50 (7.4)	56/262 (17.6)	0.059*
SBP (mmHg)	113.4 ± 16.2	114.4 ± 14.5	0.644*
Target value of SBP (< 140 mmHg)	3/51 (5.6)	9/309 (2.8)	0.295*
DBP (mmHg)	71.2 ± 11.9	74.0 ± 10.2	0.112*
Target value of DBP (< 90 mmHg)	0/54 (0.0)	8/310 (2.5)	0.239*
Glucose in blood (mmol/l)	4.23 ± 0.67	4.65 ± 0.95	0.002*
Target value of glucose (< 6 mmol/l)	0/54 (0.0)	13/305 (4.1)	0.130*
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.11 ± 0.76	4.18 ± 0.68	0.545*
Target value of total cholesterol (< 5 mmol/l)	6/48 (11.1)	36/282 (11.3)	0.964*
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.54 ± 0.29	1.49 ± 0.36	0.407*
Target value of HDL-C (> 1.0 mmol/l in men; > 1.2 mmol/l in women)	2/52 (3.7)	41/277 (12.9)	0.051*
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.21 ± 0.66	2.32 ± 0.62	0.220*
Target value of LDL-C (< 3 mmol/l)	6/48 (11.1)	49/269 (15.4)	0.411*
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.80 ± 0.49	0.79 ± 0.41	0.952*
Target value of triglycerides (< 1.7 mmol/l)	4/54 (7.4)	10/308 (3.1)	0.128*

Data are shown as mean ± SD or n/N (%). *p < 0.001.

BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2. Mean levels of carotid ultrasound measurements in those with vs without trauma.

Variable	With trauma (n = 27)	Without trauma (n = 122)	p
RCC	0.54 ± 0.09	0.51 ± 0.09	0.115
RIC	0.54 ± 0.10	0.49 ± 0.09	0.009
LCC	0.55 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.09	0.166
LIC	0.53 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.09	0.073

Data are shown as mean ± SD.

RCA, right common carotid; RIC, right internal carotid; LCC, left common carotid; LIC, left internal carotid.

Table 3. Odds of trauma according to age, gender, and risk factors from multivariable logistic regression (n = 372).

Variable	B	SE	p	OR	95% CI for OR
					Lower	Upper
Age (years)	−0.100	0.117	0.392	0.905	0.719	1.138
Gender (male vs female)	0.468	0.388	0.228	1.597	0.746	3.418
Smoking (yes vs no)	−0.833	0.558	0.135	0.435	0.146	1.297
BMI (≥ 30 vs ≤ 30 kg/m^2)	0.721	0.429	0.093	2.056	0.888	4.765
Triglycerides (≥ 1.7 vs ≤ 1.7 mmol/l)	1.664	0.717	0.020	5.280	1.296	21.518
HDL-C (≥ 1.2 vs ≤ 1.2 mmol/l female; ≥ 1.0 vs ≤ 1.0 mmol/l male)	−1.419	0.802	0.077	0.242	0.050	1.165
LDL-C (≥ 3 vs ≤ 3 mmol/l)	−0.660	0.533	0.216	0.517	0.182	1.469
Glucose (≥ 6.0 vs ≤ 6.0 mmol/l)	−0.782	1.139	0.492	0.457	0.049	4.261
Constant	−0.592	2.300	0.797	0.553

BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

For independent variables code 1 is given to risk and code 0 to no risk; gender: 1, male; 2, female.

Table 4. Odds of trauma according to carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) measurements from logistic regression, unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender, and risk factors (n = 149).

	Univariate		Multivariate
Variable	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
All participants (n = 149)
Z RCC	1.37 (0.92–2.04)	0.119	1.69 (1.02–2.79)	0.041
Z RIC	1.68 (1.12–2.53)	0.012	2.31 (1.35–3.94)	0.002
Z LCC	1.32 (0.89–1.97)	0.169	1.83 (1.06–3.15)	0.030
Z LIC	1.46 (0.96–2.21)	0.076	1.93 (1.13–3.31)	0.017

RCC, right common carotid; RIC, right internal carotid; LCC, left common carotid; LIC, left internal carotid.

Multivariate: adjusted for age, gender, smoking, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides.

Z: standardized values of variables to represent odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per 1 standard deviation (SD) change. The OR per 1 SD increase in the corresponding CIMT variables and the 95% CI were also calculated. We estimated ORs and their 95% CIs for an SD increment of each measurement (thereby facilitating comparisons of effect sizes for individual measurements).