Stability and change post-disaster: dynamic relations between individual, interpersonal and community resources and psychosocial functioning

Figures & data

Table 1: Types of resources.

Resource Categories	Definition	Examples
Objects	Items of value due to their physical nature, rarity or expense	Housing, personal transportation
Personal Characteristics	Traits and skills that foster stress resistance	Self-esteem, optimism, skills
Conditions	States that are valued because of their general desirability	Marriage, health
Energies	Resources that aid in obtaining other resources	Time, money, knowledge

Note: Adapted from Hobfoll (1989).

Table 2: Sample descriptive information and drop-out analysis.

	Time 1 (N= 224)			Time 2 (N= 155)			t/χ^2 (p) ^a
	M/n	SD	%	M/n	SD	%
Demographics
Age	48.2	10.69		49.6	10.43		−0.77 (.44)
Female	133		59.6	93		60.0	0.03 (.87)
War veteran	44		19.7	33		21.3	0.78 (.38)
Croatian nationality	145		65.0	104		67.1	0.96 (.33)
Employed prior to the flood	79		35.4	53		34.2	0.34 (.56)
Employed after the flood	58		26.0	48		34.5	0.59 (.44)
Up to high school education	208		93.3	142		91.6	2.23 (.14)
Married/cohabitation	155		69.8	117		75.5	0.01 (.94)
Exposure
Felt life threat	119		53.4	76		49.0	3.83 (.05)
Injured/ill	43		19.3	28		18.1	0.48 (.49)
Seen water	165		74	117		75.5	0.59 (.44)
Psychological counselling/therapy
Attended before the flood	37		16.6	21		13.5	3.4 (.07)
Attended after the flood	46		20.6	22		14.3	0.53 (.47)
Unmet health needs	71		32.4	53		35.3	1.06 (.3)
CD-RISC 10	2.93	0.77		2.98	0.76		1.12 (.27)
MSPSS	6.15	0.98		6.17	1.03		0.43 (.67)
CRS-SCCE	1.6	0.79		1.65	0.73		0.92 (.36)
PCL-5	1.35	0.92		1.06	0.86		0.81 (.42)
CESD-R	0.81	0.87		0.54	0.65		1.83 (.07)
SWLS	4.88	1.5		4.94	1.34		0.56 (.58)

Note: CD-RISC = Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale 10; MSPSS = Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; CRS-CSCE = Community Resources Scale – Social Capital and Community Engagement subscale; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; CESD-R = The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-Revised; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale.

All scale results were calculated as an average response across all items.

^aTests of differences in T1 measures between participants who participated in T2 compared to those who did not.

Table 3. Zero-order correlation of variables in the model.

	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.	11.	12.
1. Individual resources (T1)	1
2. Individual resources (T2)	.6***	1
3. Interpersonal resources (T1)	.31***	.28***	1
4. Interpersonal resources (T2)	.36***	.44***	.63***	1
5. Community resources (T1)	.24***	.07	.16*	.14	1
6. Community resources (T2)	.14	.16*	.1	.19*	.53***	1
7. PTS (T1)	−.4**	−.26**	−.22**	−.15	−.14*	−.22**	1
8. PTS (T2)	−.35***	−.47***	−.19*	−.31***	−.14	−.24**	.67***	1
9. Depression (T1)	−.41***	−.31***	−.33***	−.24**	−.17*	−.17*	.69***	.46***	1
10. Depression (T2)	−.3***	−.41***	−.19*	−.3***	−.13	−.21*	.49***	.67***	.53***	1
11. Satisfaction with life (T1)	.52***	.41***	.5***	.35***	.21**	.16*	−.43***	−.37***	−.55***	−.38***	1
12. Satisfaction with life (T2)	.31***	.49***	.34***	.5***	.11	.24**	−.35***	−.58***	−.48***	−.59***	.68***	1

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Table 4. Means and variances of latent differences constructs.

Latent difference construct	M	V	Cohen’s d
Individual resources	0.08	0.37***
Interpersonal resources	0.02	0.69***
Community resources	0.06	0.36***
Posttraumatic stress symptoms	−0.27***	0.39***	0.43
Depression symptoms	−0.26***	0.5***	0.36
Life satisfaction	0.06	0.93***

***p< .001.

Table 5. Standardised regression coefficients in single multivariate regression models predicting latent difference scores in PTS and depression symptoms and life satisfaction with latent difference scores in resources.

Predictors	Δ PTS		Δ Depression		Δ Life satisfaction
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Δ Individual resources	−.26*	0.11	−.14	0.08	.39***	0.15
Δ Interpersonal resources	−.34***	0.06	−.23**	0.06	.48***	0.1
Δ Community resources	−.11	0.11	−.08	0.09	.25*	0.15

Note. Δ = latent difference scores.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Figure 1. Standardised coefficients in multiple multivariate regression model predicting latent difference scores in PTS and depression symptoms and life satisfaction with latent difference scores in resources.

Note: Ind = Individual resources; Int = Interpersonal resources; CR = Community resources; Δ = latent difference scores. Subscript 1 denotes first measurement point (T1), subscript 2 denotes second measurement point (T2).Measurement models and correlations between resources and psychosocial outcomes at T1 not shown for simplicity; Ind₁:PTS₁ (r = −.46; p = <.001); Ind₁:Dep₁ (r = −.4; p < .001); Ind₁:LS₁ (r = .49; p = <.001); Int₁: PTS₁ (r = −.29; p = <.001); Int₁:Dep₁ (r = −.27; p = <.001); Int₁:LS₁ (r = .46; p = <.001);CR₁:PTS₁ (r = .21; p = .003); CR₁:Dep₁ (r = −.16; p = .02); CR₁:LS₁ (r = .22; p = .003);*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Table A1. Model fit results for testing measurement invariance across measurement points for constructs in the model.

Constructs	χ^2(df)	p (χ^2)	Δχ^2 (Δdf)	p(Δ χ^2)	CFI	RMSEA (90% CI)	SRMR
Individual resources
Configural	8.13 (5)	.11	-	-	1.0	.04 (.00 – .1)	.04
Loading	8.98 (7)	.26	0.86 (2)	.65	1.0	.03 (.00 – .08)	.06
Intercept	9.15 (9)	.43	0.17 (2)	.92	1.0	.00 (.00 – .07)	.06
Interpersonal resources
Configural	3.67 (5)	.59	-	-	1.0	.00 (.00 – .07)	.03
Loading	10.48 (7)	.07	6.81 (2)	.03	.99	.06 (.00 – .09)	.04
Intercept	11.18 (9)	.27	0.7 (2)	.71	.99	.03 (.00 – .08)	.04
Social capital
Configural	1.83 (5)	.87	-	-	1.0	.00 (.00 – .04)	.04
Loading	6.89 (7)	.44	5.06 (2)	.08	1.0	.00 (.00 – .08)	.06
Intercept	10.08 (9)	.34	3.19 (2)	.2	1.0	.02 (.00 – .08)	.06
PTS
Configural	11.4 (5)	.04	-	-	.99	.07 (.02 – .13)	.05
Loading	16.75 (7)	.02	5.35 (2)	.07	.99	.08 (.03 – .12)	.07
Intercept	18.18 (9)	.03	1.44 (2)	.49	.99	.08 (.03 – .12)	.07
Depression
Configural	5.53 (5)	.36	-	-	1.0	.00 (.00 – .08)	.06
Loading	5.68 (7)	.58	0.15 (2)	.93	1.0	.00 (.00 – .05)	.06
Intercept	5.94 (9)	.75	0.26 (2)	.88	1.0	.00 (.00 – .03)	.06
Life satisfaction
Configural	2.75 (5)	.74	-	-	1.0	.00 (.00 – .06)	.03
Loading	8.83 (7)	.27	6.08 (2)	.05	1.0	.03 (.00 – .09)	.06
Intercept	9.47 (9)	.4	0.67 (2)	.72	1.0	.03 (.00 – .08)	.06

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.

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