Appraisal-based cognitive bias modification in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomised clinical trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. Progress of participants in the study.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants (N = 107).

	Total sample N = 107	Active n = 49	Control n = 58	t or χ^2, p
Demographics
Age at time training, mean years (SD)	38.79 (11.25)	41.29 (11.22)	36.69 (10.93)	2.14, .035
Gender (female), n (%)	87 (81.3)	39 (79.6)	48 (82.8)	n.s.
Education, n (%)				n.s.
Low	24 (22.4)	12 (24.5)	12 (20.7)
Middle	46 (34.0)	18 (36.7)	28 (48.3)
High	37 (34.6)	19 (38.8)	18 (31.0)
Married/Cohabitating, n (%)	49 (47.7)	25 (51.0)	24 (41.4)	n.s.
Trauma history
Childhood (16 ≤ y), n (%)
Sexual abuse	60 (56.1)	21 (42.9)	39 (67.2)	6.41, .011
Physical abuse	55 (51.4)	19 (38.8)	36 (62.1)	5.77, .016
Emotional abuse	83 (77.6)	34 (69.4)	49 (84.5)	n.s.
Number of reported trauma’s during childhood, mean (SD)	4.34 (2.82)	3.61 (2.30)	4.95 (3.08)	−2.50, .014
Adult, n (%)
Sexual assault and rape	78 (72.9)	32 (65.3)	46 (79.3)	n.s.
Domestic violence/physical assault	74 (69.2)	29 (59.2)	45 (77.6)	4.22, .040
Number of reported trauma’s during adulthood, mean (SD)	4.78 (2.83)	4.65 (2.78)	4.88 (2.88)	n.s.
Comorbid depressive disorder, n (%)	84 (78.5)	41 (83.7)	43 (74.1)	n.s.
Receiving psychotropic medication, n (%)	63 (58.9)	28 (58.3)	35 (60.3)	n.s.

N = sample size, SD = standard deviation, t = t-statistic, χ² = chi kwadraat, p = p-value, n.s. = non-significant.

Table 2. Model-based means and standard errors for all outcome measures for both training conditions.

	Active Condition (n = 49)				Control Condition (n = 58)
Outcome	Pre	Post	1 MFU	6 MFU	Pre	Post	1 MFU	6 MFU
	M (SE)				M (SE)
Appraisal index	0.62 (0.03)	0.55 (0.03)	0.51 (.03)	0.35 (.04)	0.64 (0.03)	0.56 (0.03)	0.52 (0.03)	0.36 (.04)
PTCI	147.91 (4.32)	139.82 (4.35)	135.77 (4.59)	119.59 (6.58)	153.33 (3.96)	146.50 (3.97)	143.08 (4.16)	129.42 (5.82)
PSS-SR	30.53 (1.11)	27.62 (1.10)	26.17 (1.17)	20.35 (1.71)	31.63 (1.02)	28.50 (1.01)	26.94 (1.06)	20.68 (1.51)
BDI	31.93 (1.56)	29.65 (1.53)	28.52 (1.57)	23.97 (2.04)	33.49 (1.43)	32.02 (1.40)	31.28 (1.42)	28.53 (1.80)

Abbreviations: MFU = Month Follow-up; M = mean; SE = standard error; PTCI = Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory; PSS-SR = Posttraumatic Symptom Scale – Self-report; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [RK], upon reasonable request.