Earthquakes, attributions, and psychopathology: a study in a rural community

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean cause and blame attributions for each entity in rank order of importance and comparisons between blame and cause attributions.

	Causal attributions		Blame attributions		Wilcoxon test
	M	SD	M	SD	Z	p
Nature	7.5	2.7	5.5	4.0	−5.11	.000**
Building firms	4.6	3.3	5.6	2.9	−3.59	.000**
State	3.8	3.5	4.9	3.3	−4.17	.000**
Municipality	3.4	3.3	3.9	3.2	−2.18	.029*
Chance	2.8	3.5	2.3	3.3	−2.03	.042*
Mafia	2.0	3.0	2.5	3.2	−3.20	.001**
Community	2.0	2.7	1.8	2.6	−.42	.671
God	0.7	2.0	0.7	2.0	−.54	.589
Oneself	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.8	−.82	.412
One’s family	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.9	−1.06	.285

*p < .05, **p < .01

Note. For causal attributions, the scale anchors ranged from 0 = ‘minimal role in causation’ to 9 = ‘maximum role in causation’. For blame attributions from 0 = ‘not blameworthy at all’ to 9 = ‘extremely blameworthy’.

Table 2. Spearman correlations between cause and blame attributions to each entity and psychopathology.

	PCL-5	DASS-21
Causal attributions
Nature	−.05	.00
Building firms	.00	−.05
State	.08	.07
Municipality	.02	.00
Chance	.28**	.32**
Mafia	.02	.07
Community	.00	−.05
God	.28**	.32**
Oneself	.09	.19*
One’s family	−.03	.05
Blame attributions
Nature	.11	.11
Building firms	.03	.06
State	.05	.05
Municipality	−.03	.00
Chance	.28**	.33**
Mafia	−.03	.04
Community	−.04	−.06
God	.23*	.29**
Oneself	−.06	−.07
One’s family	−.12	−.15

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3.1. Hierarchical multiple regression of causal attributions on PCL-5 scores.

	B	SE	β	p	R^2	F
Step 1					0.12	3.03*
Material loss	0.10	0.40	0.26**	.008
Earthquake exposure	0.48	0.41	0.11	.251
Gender	0.43	0.27	0.14	.118
Age	0.00	0.00	0.00	.975
Education	−0.14	0.18	−0.07	.440
Step 2					0.26	5.17**
Material loss	0.07	0.03	0.16	.068
Earthquake exposure	0.57	0.38	0.13	.145
Gender	0.57	0.26	0.19*	.029
Age	0.00	0.00	0.03	.687
Education	−0.13	0.17	−0.06	.453
God (cause)	0.20	0.06	0.28**	.002
Chance (cause)	0.08	0.03	0.19*	.035

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3.2. Hierarchical multiple regression of causal attributions on DASS-21 scores.

	B	SE	β	p	R^2	F
Step 1					0.11	2.76*
Material loss	0.11	0.04	0.23*	.017
Earthquake exposure	0.82	0.47	0.16	.089
Gender	0.14	0.31	0.04	.638
Age	0.00	0.01	0.04	.652
Education	−0.20	0.21	−0.09	.336
Step 2					0.27	4.79**
Material loss	0.06	0.04	0.13	.154
Earthquake exposure	0.93	0.44	0.18*	.037
Gender	0.32	0.29	0.09	.266
Age	0.00	0.00	0.07	.415
Education	−0.19	0.19	−0.08	.316
God (cause)	0.19	0.08	0.24*	.016
Chance (cause)	0.12	0.04	0.26**	.004
Oneself (cause)	0.05	0.18	0.02	.783

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3.3. Hierarchical multiple regression of blame attributions on PCL-5 scores.

	B	SE	β	p	R^2	F
Step 1					0.12	2.65*
Material loss	0.10	0.04	0.25*	.013
Earthquake exposure	0.56	0.42	0.13	.193
Gender	0.37	0.28	0.12	.195
Age	0.00	0.00	0.00	.970
Education	−0.13	0.19	−0.06	.494
Step 2					0.23	4.23**
Material loss	0.07	0.04	0.18	.061
Earthquake exposure	0.56	0.40	0.13	.162
Gender	0.48	0.27	0.16	.080
Age	0.00	0.00	0.04	.629
Education	−0.12	0.18	−0.06	.480
God (blame)	0.18	0.06	0.26**	.006
Chance (blame)	0.08	0.04	0.18	.056

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3.4. Hierarchical multiple regression of blame attributions on DASS-21 scores.

	B	SE	β	p	R^2	F
Step 1					0.11	2.54*
Material loss	0.11	0.04	0.23*	.023
Earthquake exposure	0.82	0.47	0.16	.066
Gender	0.14	0.31	0.04	.941
Age	0.00	0.01	0.04	.796
Education	−0.20	0.21	−0.09	.378
Step 2					0.27	5.16**
Material loss	0.06	0.04	0.14	.125
Earthquake exposure	0.91	0.43	0.19*	.039
Gender	0.16	0.29	0.04	.579
Age	0.00	0.00	0.08	.374
Education	−0.18	0.19	−0.08	.350
God (blame)	0.19	0.07	0.24**	.008
Chance (blame)	0.13	0.04	0.27**	.003

*p < .05, **p < .01.