The symptom representation of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of unaccompanied and accompanied refugee minors in Germany: a network analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the 20 DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Means, standard deviations and strength centrality and predictability.

Number	Symptom	M (SD)	Strength	Predictability
B1	Intrusive thoughts or memories	1.74 (1.00)	0.23	0.38
B2	Nightmares	1.60 (1.01)	1.60	0.46
B3	Flashbacks	1.29 (1.11)	−0.13	0.31
B4	Psychological reactivity	1.93 (1.01)	0.74	0.39
B5	Physiological reactivity	1.55 (1.10)	1.08	0.43
C1	Avoidance of internal reminders	1.85 (1.04)	−1.57	0.18
C2	Avoidance of external reminders	1.55 (1.10)	−0.18	0.23
D1	Amnesia	1.02 (1.03)	−1.66	0.18
D2	Negative trauma-related cognitions	1.37 (1.16)	0.35	0.30
D3	Distorted blame	0.95 (1.05)	−0.56	0.21
D4	Persistent negative emotional state	1.62 (1.01)	0.46	0.33
D5	Diminished interest in activities	1.23 (1.15)	−1.28	0.20
D6	Detachment from others	1.13 (1.12)	0.29	0.28
D7	Restricted affect	1.29 (1.05)	0.64	0.33
E1	Irritability/Anger	0.99 (1.01)	0.16	0.29
E2	Self-destructive or reckless behaviour	0.48 (0.82)	0.26	0.27
E3	Hypervigilance	1.27 (1.14)	−2.15	0.14
E4	Startle Response	1.17 (1.07)	−0.03	0.26
E5	Concentration problems	1.32 (1.05)	1.23	0.37
E6	Sleep disturbance	1.86 (1.13)	0.60	0.39

M = mean; SD = standard deviation.

Figure 1. Estimated regularized partial correlation network of the 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms (n = 419). The thickness and saturation of an edge are an indicator for the strength of the associations between symptoms. The grey area in the rings around the nodes depicts predictability; the variance of a given node explained by all its neighbours. B1 = ”Intrusive thoughts or memories”; B2 = ‘Nightmares’; B3 = ‘Flashbacks’; B4 = ‘Psychological reactivity’; B5 = ‘Psychological reactivity’; C1 = ‘Avoidance of internal reminders’; C2 = ‘Avoidance of external reminders’; D1 = ‘Amnesia’; D2 = ‘Negative trauma-related cognitions’; D3 = ‘Distorted blame’; D4 = ‘Persistent negative emotional state’; D5 = ‘Diminished interest in activities’; D6 = ‘Detachment from others’; D7 = ‘Restricted affect’; E1 = ‘Irritability/Anger’; E2 = ‘Self-destructive or reckless behaviour’; E3 = ‘Hypervigilance’; E4 = ‘Startle Response’; E5 = ‘Concentration problems’; E6 = ‘Sleep disturbance’. Maximum edge value = .43.