Psychological adaptation and posttraumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Germany: a mixed-methods study investigating environmental factors

Figures & data

Table 1. Association between demographic characteristics and PTSD (N = 127)

Characteristics	Whole Sample (N = 127)	No PTSD (n = 68)	PTSD (n = 59)	Difference between Groups	p
Age M(SD) 18-67 years age range	31.9(10.68)	32.21(10.70)	31.64(10.76)	t(119)=0.29	.935
Months in Germany M(SD) 0.5-48 months range	23.7(10.39)	24.52(7.37)	22.74(13.08)	t(124)=0.96	.000
Gender n(%)
Female	43(33.9)	25(58.1)	18(41.9)	χ^2(1)=0.55	.457
Male	84(66.1)	43(51.2)	41(48.8)
Relationship Status n(%)
Single / Married but not living together / divorced/widowed	72(56.7)	33(45.8)	39(54.2)	χ^2(1)=3.97	.046
Married or living together	55(43.3)	35(63.6)	20(36.4)
Education n(%)
≤ 8th gr.	20(15.7)	8(40.0)	12(60.0)	χ^2(4)=9.31	.054
9th to 11th grade	22(17.3)	8(36.4)	14(63.6)
High school graduate	19(15.0)	10(52.6)	9(47.4)
Some college	28(22.0)	21(75.0)	7(25.0)
4 years of college or more	38(29.9)	21(55.3)	17(44.7)
Employment n(%)
Employed	20(15.7)	11(55.0)	9(45.0)	χ^2(3)=5.78	.123
Homemaker	21(16.5)	16(76.2)	5(23.8)
Student	42(33.1)	20(47.6)	22(52.4)
Unemployed / disabled/retired	43(33.9)	20(46.5)	23(53.5)

Table 2. Association between environmental factors and PTSD (N = 127)

Environmental Factors	Whole Sample (N = 127)	No PTSD (n = 68)	PTSD (n = 59)	Difference between Groups	p
I know where to get help in the community n(%)	107(84.3)	55(51.4)	52(48.6)	χ^2(1)=1.04	.307
I feel safe in my community n(%)	105(82.7)	57(55.3)	48(45.7)	χ^2(1)=0.58	.446
I am treated fairly in my new community n(%)	78(61.4)	55(70.5)	23(29.5)	χ^2(1)=26.43	.000
I am content with my current housing situation n(%)	83(65.4)	61(73.5)	22(26.5)	χ^2(1)=38.34	.000
I have enough food to eat n(%)	103(81.1)	67(65.0)	36(35.0)	χ^2(1)=29.01	.000
I have enough money to function well on a daily basis n(%)	86(67.7)	60(69.8)	26(30.2)	χ^2(1)=28.19	.000
I have access to a doctor/hospital n(%)	107(84.3)	65(60.7)	42(39.3)	χ^2(1)=14.18	.000
I have access to education, skills training, and/or employment programs n(%)	88(69.3)	62(70.5)	26(29.5)	χ^2(1)=32.95	.000

Table 3. Correlations between Trauma Coping Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and PTSD (N = 127)

	PCL-5	CSE-T	RS-11
PCL-5^a	-	-0.54*** (n = 122)	-0.25** (n = 126)
CSE-T^b	-	-	0.48*** (n = 121)
RS-11^c	-	-	-

^aPTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)

^bTrauma Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE-T)

^cResilience Scale-11

**p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 4. Associations Between Trauma Coping Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and PTSD (N = 127)

	Whole Sample (N = 127)	No PTSD (n = 68)	PTSD^a (n = 59)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR^d (95% CI)
CSE-T^b M(SD)	10.16(41.32)	9.37(44.83)	9.65(37.45)	0.92 (0.88-0.96)***	0.90 (0.86-0.95)***
RS-11^c M(SD)	11.28(57.23)	11.70(58.65)	10.62(55.58)	0.98 (0.95-1.01)	0.97 (0.94-1.01)

^aPTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)

^bTrauma Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE-T)

^cResilience Scale-11

^dAdjusted for significant demographic characteristics (relationship status, education).* p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.