Pre-treatment pain predicts outcomes in multimodal treatment for tortured and traumatized refugees: a pilot investigation

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations, for measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, pain, pain catastrophizing, trauma-related beliefs, and disability/participation.

	Pre-Waitlist				Pre-Treatment				Post-Treatment				Follow-Up
Measure	N	M	SD	% above cut-off	N	M	SD	% above cut-off	N	M	SD	% above cut-off	N	M	SD	% above cut-off
PTSD Symptoms (HTQ)	104	3.2	0.5	90	161	3.2	0.5	91	167	2.9	0.6	80	85	2.9	0.6	80
Depression (HSCL)	105	3.0	0.5	99	161	3.1	0.6	97	170	2.8	0.7	88	84	2.9	0.6	95
Anxiety (HSCL)	105	3.0	0.6	99	161	3.1	0.6	98	171	2.8	0.6	92	84	2.9	0.6	95
No. of Pain Locations	102	18.1	10.6	-	173	19.5	10.8	-	157	16.8	11.1	-	81	18.9	10.3	-
Pain Severity (BPI)	102	6.2	2.3	-	172	6.4	2.0	-	150	6.0	2.0	-	78	6.3	1.9	-
Pain Interference (BPI)	102	6.8	2.6	-	167	7.1	2.2	-	150	6.7	2.5	-	78	7.1	2.4	-
Pain Catastrophizing (CSQ-CAT)	90	26.3	8.4	-	116	26.5	9.3	-	74	25.5	9.9	-	48	25.6	8.7	-
Trauma-Related Beliefs (PTCI)	92	175.7	30.5	-	116	174.4	33.0	-	74	171.3	37.8	-	51	172.9	33.2	-
Health-Related Disability (WHODAS 2.0)	100	66.3	18.0	-	155	68.6	16.9	-	156	65.5	19.5	-	79	63.5	19.9	-

Table 2. Results multi-level mixed model assessing the effects of treatment on PTSD, depression, anxiety, pain and disability/participation.

Parameter	B	(SE)	d
PTSD (HTQ)
Intercept	3.16***	(.04)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.27***	(.04)	.55
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.23***	(.06)	.47
Depression (HSCL-25)
Intercept	3.07***	(.05)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.25***	(.05)	.43
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.18**	(.06)	.32
Anxiety (HSCL-25)
Intercept	3.06***	(.05)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.24***	(.05)	.41
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.13	(.06)	-
Pain Severity (BPI)
Intercept	6.37**’	(.15)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.35	(.17)	-
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.12	(.22)	-
Pain Interference (BPI)
Intercept	7.13***	(.17)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.43	(.2)	-
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.08	(.26)	-
No. of Pain Locations
Intercept	19.51***	(.78)
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−2.78**	(.82)	.25
Disability/Participation (WHODAS-2)
Intercept	68.67***	(1.39)	-
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−2.7	(1.37)	-
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−4.18	(1.77)	-
Time Pre Treatment to Follow up	−.64	(1.08)

p-value adjusted for multiple comparison with Bonferroni

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Table 3. Results multi-level mixed model, assessing whether gender, age, number of treatment sessions, and pain predicts pre-to-post treatment changes in PTSD, depression, and anxiety.

Parameter	B	(SE)
PTSD (HTQ)
Intercept	1.96***	(.26)
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.28***	(.05)
Gender	−.05	(.08)
No. of treatment sessions	.00	(.00)
Age	.01*	(.00)
BPI Severity pre-treatment	.00	(.03)
BPI Interference pre-treatment	.12***	(.03)
Depression (HSCL-25)
Intercept	2.12***	(.32)
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.2**	(.06)
Gender	−.1	(.1)
No. of treatment sessions	.00	(.00)
Age	.01	(.01)
BPI Severity pre-treatment	−.03	(.03)
BPI Interference pre-treatment	.14***	(.03)
Anxiety (HSCL-25)
Intercept	2.11***	(.31)
Time Pre- to Post Treatment	−.23***	(.06)
Gender	−.18	(.10)
No. of treatment sessions	−.00	(.00)
Age	.01	(.01)
BPI Severity pre-treatment	.12	(.03)
BPI Interference pre-treatment	.12***	(.03)

p-value adjusted for multiple comparison with Bonferroni

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001