Prevalence and determinants of secondary posttraumatic growth following trauma work among medical personnel: a cross sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients among analysed variables (N = 419)

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
1. SPTG total	–
2. SPTG.1	0.85***	–
3. SPTG.2	0.81***	0.50***	–
4. SPTG.3	0.91***	0.73***	0.66***	–
5. SPTG.4	0.90***	0.76***	0.59***	0.78***	–
6. Gender	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.05	0.06	–
7. Age	−0.01	−0.05	−0.00	0.02	−0.00	0.09	–
8. Occupational group	0.02	0.01	−0.01	0.02	0.03	0.56***	0.11*	–
9. Work experience	0.09	0.08	0.05	0.12*	0.07	−0.06	0.73***	−0.14**	–
10. Number of working hours	0.09	0.10*	0.09	0.07	0.03	−0.24**	−0.09	−0.34***	0.09	–
11. Workload	0.08	0.11*	0.09	0.06	0.03	−0.10	−0.01	−0.18**	0.14**	0.54***	–
12. Job satisfaction	0.35***	0.29***	0.23**	0.34***	0.35***	−0.08	−0.08	−0.03	−0.02	0.13**	0.12*	–
13. SS.supervisors	0.20**	0.12*	0.20**	0.16**	0.20**	0.02	−0.12**	0.16**	−0.11*	0.01	0.08	0.35***	–
14. SS.co-workers	0.22**	0.18**	0.22**	0.19**	0.19**	0.11*	−0.04	0.33***	−0.11*	−0.11*	−0.04	0.28***	0.62***	–
15. SS.family	0.26**	0.26***	0.14**	0.26***	0.24**	−0.04	−0.09	0.02	−0.06	−0.03	−0.10*	0.34**	0.21**	0.40***	–
16. SS.friends	0.30***	0.30***	0.18**	0.28***	0.31***	−0.14**	−0.24**	−0.14**	−0.11*	0.11*	0.11*	0.49***	0.47***	0.26***	0.49***	–
17. CPOT.1	0.52***	0.46***	0.42***	0.46***	0.46***	−0.09	−0.05	−0.05	0.03	0.15**	0.07	0.36***	0.19**	0.15**	0.28***	0.31***	–
18. CPOT.2	0.33***	0.30***	0.29***	0.28***	0.29***	−0.09	−0.11*	−0.15**	0.03	0.10*	0.08	0.18**	0.08	0.02	0.15**	0.20**	0.59***	–
19. CPOT.3	0.48***	0.44***	0.30***	0.48***	0.42***	−0.09	−0.10	−0.10	0.03	0.18**	0.13*	0.41***	0.17**	0.11*	0.29***	0.35***	0.67***	0.51***	–
20. CPOT.4	0.23**	0.13**	0.29***	0.17**	0.19**	−0.20**	−0.11*	−0.22**	0.04	0.09	0.03	0.11*	0.07	−0.08	0.02	0.17**	0.43***	0.63***	0.33***	–
21. CPOT.5	0.24**	0.17**	0.27***	0.19**	0.20**	−0.14**	−0.19**	−0.15**	0.04	0.09	0.06	0.14**	0.14**	−0.05	−0.04	0.21**	0.39***	0.48***	0.30***	0.70***	–
Mean	32.35	7.64	7.67	8.92	8.13	1.67	39.60	1.52	12.18	38.24	69.11	21.28	23.44	27.95	29.80	25.78	8.66	8.14	12.20	8.61	6.42
Standard deviation	13.92	3.71	4.41	4.08	3.86	0.47	11.03	0.50	9.75	15.65	31.89	6.65	8.38	7.38	7.62	8.42	4.23	4.43	5.46	5.22	4.15

SPTG = secondary posttraumatic growth; SPTG.1 = new challenges and increased professional skills; SPTG.2 = increase in spiritual experiences and a sense of responsibility for others; SPTG.3 = greater self-confidence and appreciation of life; SPTG.4 = increase in acceptance and acting for the benefit of others; SS = social support; CPOT.1 = positive cognitive restructuring; CPOT.2 = downward comparison; CPOT.3 = resolution/acceptance; CPOT.4 = denial; CPOT.5 = regret. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 2. Confidence intervals for correlation coefficients regarding main study results (N = 419)

Variables	SPTG total	SPTG.1	SPTG.2	SPTG.3	SPTG.4
Gender	−0.097; 0.312	−0.082; 0.110	−0.051; 0.141	−0.046; 0.146	−0.032; 0.160
Age	−0.105; 0.088	−0.145; 0.046	−0.100; 0.092	−0.072; 0.120	−0.100; 0.092
Occupational group	−0.076; 0.116	−0.086; 0.106	−0.103; 0.090	−0.076; 0.117	−0.068; 0.125
Work experience	−0.006; 0.184	−0.016; 0.175	−0.046; 0.145	0.024; 0.214	−0.026; 0.165
Number of working hours	−0.013; 0.179	0.004; 0.192	−0.008; 0.184	−0.026; 0.165	−0.068; 0.125
Workload	−0.016; 0.175	0.014; 0.204	−0.011; 0.181	−0.038; 0.154	−0.071; 0.122
Job satisfaction	0.263; 0.432	0.200; 0.376	0.137; 0.319	0.252; 0.422	0.263; 0.432
SS.supervisors	0.101; 0.290	0.024; 0.214	0.109; 0.297	0.066; 0.252	0.102; 0.291
SS.co-workers	0.127; 0.310	0.022; 0.213	0.127; 0.310	0.100; 0.281	0.100; 0.281
SS.family	0.163; 0.350	0.169; 0.355	0.045; 0.233	0.168; 0.347	0.146; 0.333
SS.friends	0.210; 0.385	0.210; 0.385	0.085; 0.271	0.190; 0.367	0.221; 0.394
CPOT.1	0.446; 0.587	0.373; 0.544	0.338; 0.496	0.381; 0.533	0.372; 0.543
CPOT.2	0.242; 0.413	0.210; 0.384	0.200; 0.376	0.190; 0.367	0.200; 0.376
CPOT.3	0.403; 0.550	0.359; 0.514	0.210; 0.385	0.403; 0.551	0.338; 0.496
CPOT.4	0.137; 0.319	0.034; 0.223	0.200; 0.376	0.075; 0.262	0.092; 0.281
CPOT.5	0.149; 0.336	0.075; 0.262	0.179; 0.357	0.092; 0.281	0.107; 0.295

Abbreviations as in Table 1.

Table 3. Differences in SPTG between gender and occupational group

Secondary Posttraumatic Growth
	M	SD	t	p
Gender			−1.03	>0.05
Men	31.34	13.10
Women	32.84	14.29
Occupational group			−0.29	>0.05
Nurses	32.55	14.16
Paramedics	32.14	13.67

M = mean; SD = standard deviation; t = t-Test.

Table 4. Determinants of SPTG total in the examined group of medical staff (N = 419)

Secondary Posttraumatic Growth
Determinants	B	BE	β	t	R^2	p-value	95.0% CI for B
Positive cognitive restructuring	1.10	0.18	0.33	6.134	0.27	0.000	0.748; 1.453
Resolution/acceptance	0.48	0.14	0.18	3.356	0.03	0.001	0.197; 0.755
Job satisfaction	0.27	0.10	0.13	2.831	0.02	0.005	0.082; 0.456
SS.co-workers	0.22	0.08	0.12	2.793	0.01	0.005	0.066; 0.379
Gender	3.02	1.20	0.10	2.511	0.01	0.012	0.655; 5.378
Work experience	0.14	0.06	0.10	2.479	0.01	0.014	0.029; 0.255
F(6,418) = 36.317	R = 0.588		R^2 = 0.346		Adj.R^2 = 0.336		R^2-changes = 0.010

B = unstandardized regression coefficient; BE = B error; β = standardized regression coefficient; t = t-test value; p = the level of significance; 95.0% CI = confidence intervals; R = correlation coefficient; R² = determination coefficient; Adj.R² = adjusted R². Tolerance >0.10 and VIF <5; Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.498.

Table 5. Determinants of SPTG factors in the examined group of medical staff (N = 419)

Secondary Posttraumatic Growth Factors
Determinants	β	R^2	p	F	R^2 for model
New challenges and increased professional skills				31.210	0.274
Positive cognitive restructuring	0.27	0.21	0.000
Resolution/acceptance	0.21	0.03	0.000
SS.friends	0.16	0.02	0.001
Denial	−0.11	0.01	0.023
Work experience	0.10	0.01	0.044
Increase in spiritual experiences and a sense of responsibility for others				30.887	0.230
Positive cognitive restructuring	0.33	0.18	0.000
Denial	0.18	0.02	0.001
SS co-workers	0.17	0.02	0.001
Gender	0.09	0.01	0.045
Greater self-confidence and appreciation of life				31.953	0.318
Resolution/acceptance	0.28	0.24	0.000
Positive cognitive restructuring	0.22	0.03	0.000
Job satisfaction	0.13	0.02	0.005
Work experience	0.12	0.01	0.002
Gender	0.11	0.01	0.012
SS.co-workers	0.09	0.01	0.035
Increase in acceptance and acting for the benefit of others				33.242	0.287
Positive cognitive restructuring	0.28	0.21	0.000
Resolution/acceptance	0.15	0.01	0.002
Job satisfaction	0.14	0.05	0.004
Gender	0.13	0.01	0.012
SS.friends	0.12	0.01	0.016

β = standardized regression coefficient; p = the level of significance; R² = determination coefficient. Tolerance >0.10 and VIF <5. Durbin-Watson statistic: SPTG.1 = 1.597; SPTG.2 = 1.550; SPTG.3 = 1.553; SPTG.4 = 1.665.

Appendix 1. Assumptions of linear regression met by the data

Variables	Skewness	Kurtosis
SPTG total	−0.64	−0.19
SPTG.1	−0.40	−0.43
SPTG.2	−0.19	−0.92
SPTG.3	−0.62	−0.42
SPTG.4	−0.44	−0.61
Age	−0.00	−1.02
Work experience	0.90	0.08
Number of working hours	−0.06	0.56
Workload	−0.45	−1.30
Job satisfaction	−0.57	−0.06
SS.supervisors	−0.10	−0.73
SS.coworkers	−0.36	−0.02
SS.family	−0.54	0.04
SS.friends	−0.25	−0.64
CPOT.1	−0.19	−0.40
CPOT.2	−0.19	−0.52
CPOT.3	−0.49	−0.11
CPOT.4	0.03	−0.89
CPOT.5	0.09	−0.92

Abbreviations as in Table 1.

1. Multiple regression assumes that the residuals are normally distributed. All coefficients take values close to “0”, none exceed the value +/-1

2. Regression analysis is resistant to a slight fracture of the linearity assumption.

3. The number of observations is greater than the number of all variables used in the analysis; 50+15 observations for predictor (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).

4. No multicollinearity tolerance >0.10 and VIF <5; no auto-correlation Durbin-Watson statistic 1<d<3 (Field, 2009).

5. The results of the subjects are similarly distant for different levels of the independent variable.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

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Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

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Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.