The validity and reliability of benevolent childhood experiences scale in Chinese community adults

Figures & data

Table 1. Prior research using the BCEs scale

Author	Country	Participants	Reliability	Main outcomes variables
Narayan et al. (2018)	United States	101 pregnant women	0.80^a	Prenatal depression, prenatal PTSD, prenatal perceived stress, prenatal stressful life events
Crandall et al. (2020)	United States	489 adolescents from a large northwestern city	Null	Risky sex behaviours, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, body image
Crandall et al. (2019)	United States	246 adults from Amazon Mechanical Turk	Null	Physical health, cognitive, mental and social health
Daines, Hansen, Novilla, and Crandall (2021)	United States	1030 adults	Null	Family health
Gunay-Oge, Pehlivan, and Isikli (2020)	Turkey	259 adults	0.62	Personality psychopathology (antisocial, avoidant, borderline, dependent, depressive, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, passive-aggressive, schizoid, schizotypal and self-defeating personality disorder symptoms)
Karatzias et al. (2020)	UK	275 trauma-exposed adults	0.79	PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms
Merrick et al. (2019)	United States	50 homeless primary caregivers	Null	Psychological distress, sociodemographic risk, parenting stress
Merrick, Narayan, Atzl, Harris, and Lieberman (2020)	United States	101 low-income pregnant women	Null	Prenatal depression symptoms, prenatal PTSD symptoms, risky reproductive planning, prenatal stressful life events
Miller, Cheung, Novilla, and Crandall (2020)	United States	246 adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk	Null	Extroverted personality characteristic, depression, stress, executive function, past smoking habits
Oge (2020)	Turkey	175 Turkish adults	0.61	Psychopathological symptom severity, life satisfaction
Starbird and Story (2020)	United States	334 adults (71 adoptees, 59 former foster children, 207 neither adopted nor former foster children)	Null	Narcissism, early maladaptive schemas
Vogeler et al. (2020)	United States	192 women	Null	PTSD, co-dependency,

Reliability is internal consistency reliability. ^a Test-retest stability of the BCEs scale. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.

Table 2. Frequencies, means and standard deviation of PCEs

Items	Community people (n = 6929)	Homeless parents (n = 50) (Merrick et al., 2019)	Pregnant women (n = 101) (Narayan et al., 2018)
1. Caregivers with whom felt safe	88.5%	94%	90%
2. Good friends	94.6%	86%	87%
3. Comfortable beliefs	77.9%	76%	69%
4. Like schools	94.1%	68%	67%
5. Caring teachers	87.6%	86%	82%
6. Good neighbours	92.7%	66%	59%
7. Supportive adults (not a parent or the person from #1)	68.0%	68%	78%
8. Opportunities to have a good time	82.4%	80%	86%
9. Love yourself	91.4%	64%	67%
10. A predictable home routine	86.3%	68%	81%
	M = 8.63 SD = 1.73	M = 7.56 SD = 2.23	M = 7.84 SD = 2.14

The full, original Benevolent Experiences scale is available in Narayan et al. (2018).

Table 3. Bivariate correlations of studied variables (n = 6929)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1 age	1
2 sex	−.20***	1
3 residence	.13***	−.08***	1
4 education	−.19***	−.06***	−.42***	1
5 PCEs	−.02	−0.02	−.11***	.18***	1
6 childhood trauma	.05***	−.05***	.10***	−.17***	−.37***	1
7 lifetime trauma	−.01	−.14***	−.03*	.09***	−0.01	.07***	1
8 PTSD symptoms	−.01	−.04***	.09***	−.11***	−.17***	.29***	.30***	1
9 depressive symptoms	−.05***	.01	.03*	−.03***	−.19***	.28***	.21***	.55***	1
10 prosocial behaviours	−.04***	.08***	−.12***	.16***	.22***	−.26***	.01	−.06***	−.04***	1
Mean	38.04	-	-	-	8.63	36.98	2.48	6.26	2.51	7.39
SD	7.81	-	-	-	1.73	9.86	3.01	8.18	3.01	2.38

PCEs = positive childhood experiences; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Table 4. Hierarchical regressions for symptoms of PTSD and depression and prosocial behaviours

	PTSD symptoms						Depressive symptoms						Prosocial behaviours
	Step1			Step2			Step1			Step2			Step1			Step2
Variables	β	t		β	t		β	t		β	t		β	t		β	t
Age	−.04	−3.42***		−.04	−3.23***		−.05	−4.30***		−.05	−4.13***		.01	0.72		.01	0.74
Sex, ref = female	−.00	−0.34		−.00	−0.32		−.04	−3.35***		−.04	−3.34***		−.08	−6.43***		−.08	−6.48***
Residence, ref = rural	−.03	−2.67**		−.03	−2.63***		−.01	−0.54		−.01	−0.51		.04	3.43***		.04	3.48***
Education, ref = primary school
Junior middle school	−.08	−3.71***		−.08	−3.85***		−.03	−1.61		−.04	−1.73		.04	1.88		.04	1.94
High school	−.13	−6.12***		−.13	−6.22***		−.02	−0.84		−.02	−0.91		.09	4.12***		.09	4.11***
College degree or above	−.12	−6.03***		−.12	−6.10***		−.02	−0.82		−.02	−0.85		.10	5.25***		.10	5.14***
Lifetime trauma	.29	26.44***		.28	25.25***		.20	17.65***		.19	16.61***		.03	2.67**		.03	2.59**
Childhood trauma	.24	19.87***		.23	19.33***		.23	19.11***		.23	18.60***		−.20	−15.76***		−.21	−16.23***
PCEs	−.06	−4.68***		−.06	−4.74***		−.10	−7.90***		−.10	−7.93***		.13	10.53***		.15	11.20***
PCEs × lifetime trauma				−.04	−3.15**					−.03	−2.64**		-	-		-	-
Childhood trauma × lifetime trauma				.05	4.06***					.05	3.85***		-	-		-	-
PCEs × childhood trauma																−.05	−3.87***

PCEs = positive childhood experiences; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 1. The interactions of PCE, childhood trauma, and lifetime trauma on symptoms of PTSD, depression and prosocial behaviours. (a) Interaction effect of PCEs and lifetime trauma on PTSD symptoms. (b) Interaction effect of PCEs and lifetime trauma on depressive symptoms (c) Interaction effect of PCEs and childhood trauma on prosocial behaviours. PCEs = positive childhood experiences; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder

Table

根据您18岁以前的成长经历作答	是	否
1. 您是否至少有一个您觉得安全的看护人？	1	0
2. 您至少有一个好朋友吗？	1	0
3. 您有让您感到安慰的信念/信仰吗？	1	0
4. 您喜欢您的学校吗？	1	0
5. 您有至少一个关心您的老师吗？	1	0
6. 您有好邻居吗？	1	0
7. 除了父母, 亲人及其他监护人, 您有一个能给您提供建议或支持的成年人？	1	0
8. 您有过能玩得尽兴的机会吗？	1	0
9. 您是否喜欢自己并乐于接纳自己？	1	0
10. 您是否有规律的家庭生活方式, 如有规律的饮食和固定的睡觉时间？	1	0

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Fulei Geng. The data are not publicly available due to their containment of information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.