Complex PTSD in survivors of intimate partner violence: risk factors related to symptoms and diagnoses

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic and violence data

	N	%
Primary Education	42	25.90%
Secondary Education	41	25.30%
Vocational Training	48	29.60%
University Degree	25	15.40%
Master’s Degree	5	3.10%
Doctorate (PhD)	1	0.60%
Intimate partner violence	162	100%
Psychological violence	159	98.15%
Physical violence	115	70.99%
Sexual violence	54	33.33%
Other trauma	76	49.91%
Other interpersonal trauma	45	27.78%
Contact with perpetrator due to common issues	60	37.03%
Current legal proceeding with perpetrator	101	62.34%
Current perpetrator restraining order	71	43.87%

Table 2. Descriptive data and frequencies according to CPTSD symptomatology

CPTSD symptom	Item	N	M(SD)	Women who meet symptom criteria (N)	Women who meet symptom criteria (%)
Re-experiencing in the here and now (RE)	Total (RE)	162	3.60 (2.36)	113	69.75%
	ITQ P1		1.65 (1.36)
	ITQ P2		1.95 (1.27)
Avoidance (AV)	Total (AV)	162	4.93 (2.28)	138	85.18%
	ITQ P3		2.40 (1.20)
	ITQ P4		2.54 (1.26)
Current sense of threat (TH)	Total (TH)	162	4.83 (2.66)	124	76.54%
	ITQ P5		2.45 (1.43)
	ITQ P6		2.38 (1.39)
Affective dysregulation (AD)	Total (AD)	162	4.32 (1.91)	138	85.18%
	ITQ C1		1.99 (1.04)
	ITQ C2		2.33 (1.21)
Negative self-concept (NSC)	Total (NSC)	162	3.52 (2.66)	99	61.11%
	ITQ C3		2 (1.39)
	ITQ C4		1.52 (1.41)
Disturbances in relationships (DR)	Total (DR)	162	3.45 (2.43)	105	64.81%
	ITQ C5		1.77 (1.29)
	ITQ C6		1.69 (1.33)

ITQ P1 = Re-experiencing in the here and now item 1; ITQ P2 = Re-experiencing in the here and now item 2; ITQ P3 = Avoidance item 1; ITQ P4 = Avoidance item 2; ITQ P5 = Current sense of threat item 1; ITQ P6 = Current sense of threat item 2; ITQ C1 = Affective dysregulation item 1; ITQ C2 = Affective dysregulation item 2; ITQ C3 = Negative self-concept item 1; ITQ C4 = Negative self-concept item 2; ITQ C5 = Disturbances in relationships item 1; ITQ C6 = Disturbances in relationships item 2.

Table 3. Descriptive data for each measure

Measure	M(SD)
CD-RISC (Resilience)	63.42 (1.29)
CASR-A (Severity of violence in the last year)	29.90 (1.30)
CASR-B (Severity of violence over a year ago)	10.34 (1.11)
ERQ-CR (Cognitive reappraisal strategies)	28.63 (0.64)
ERQ-ES (Expressive suppression strategies)	15.84 (0.50)
Level of Fear	3.33 (0.15)

Table 4. Risk factors related to the presence of CPTSD symptoms

Symptom	Risk factor	β	SE β	Wald’s χ^2	p	e^β	95%CI for e^β	R^2
Re-experiencing in the here and now	Resilience	−0.02	0.01	2.92	0.087	0.97	(0.95–1.00)	0.14
	Fear	0.28	0.10	7.20	0.007	1.33	(1.08–1.63)	0.14
	CASR-A	0.02	0.01	2.37	0.12	1.02	(0.99–1.06)	0.14
	CASR-B	0.01	0.01	1.65	0.19	1.01	(0.94–1.04)	0.14
	ERQ-CR	−0.01	0.02	0.05	0.81	0.99	(0.94–1.04)	0.14
	ERQ-ES	0.01	0.03	0.27	0.60	1.01	(0.95–1.07)	0.14
Avoidance	Resilience	−0.01	0.17	0.21	0.64	0.99	(0.96–1.02)	0.09
	Fear	0.36	0.13	7.08	0.008	1.43	(1.10–1.87)	0.09
	CASR-A	0.03	0.02	1.69	0.19	1.03	(0.98–1.09)	0.09
	CASR-B	−0.00	0.01	0.02	0.87	0.99	(0.96–1.02)	0.09
	ERQ-CR	0.02	0.03	0.43	0.51	1.02	(0.95–1.09)	0.09
	ERQ-ES	0.01	0.03	0.22	0.63	1.01	(0.94–1.09)	0.09
Current sense of threat	Resilience	−0.01	0.01	1.17	0.27	0.98	(0.95–1.01)	0.24
	Fear	0.52	0.13	15.30	<0.001	1.68	(1.29–2.19)	0.24
	CASR-A	0.04	0.02	2.79	0.09	1.04	(0.99–1.10)	0.24
	CASR-B	0.01	0.01	1.40	0.23	1.01	(0.98–1.04)	0.24
	ERQ-CR	0.16	0.03	0.27	0.59	1.01	(0.95–1.08)	0.24
	ERQ-ES	0.05	0.03	2.30	0.12	1.05	(0.98–1.13)	0.24
Affective dysregulation	Resilience	−0.73	0.02	10.67	0.001	0.93	(0.89–0.97)	0.14
	Fear	−0.17	0.13	0.01	0.905	0.98	(0.75–1.29)	0.14
	CASR-A	−0.11	0.01	0.38	0.53	0.98	(0.95–1.02)	0.14
	CASR-B	−0.00	0.01	0.01	0.,91	0.99	(0.96–1.02)	0.14
	ERQ-CR	−0.02	0.03	0.28	0.59	0.98	(0.91–1.05)	0.14
	ERQ-ES	0.83	0.04	4.00	0.045	1.08	(1.00–1.17)	0.14
Negative self-concept	Resilience	−0.06	0.01	18.15	<0.001	0.93	(0.90–0.96)	0.23
	Fear	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.96	1.00	(0.81–1.23)	0.23
	CASR-A	0.00	0.01	0.16	0.68	1.00	(0.97–1.03)	0.23
	CASR-B	−0.00	0.01	0.62	0.43	0.99	(0.96–1.019	0.23
	ERQ-CR	−0.02	0.02	0.68	0.40	0.97	(0.92–1.03)	0.23
	ERQ-SE	0.07	0.03	5.27	0.022	1.07	(1.01–1.14)	0.23
Disturbances in relationships	Resilience	−0.37	0.01	6.95	0.008	0.96	(0.93–0.99)	0.15
	Fear	0.24	0.10	5.35	0.021	1.27	(1.03–1.57)	0.15
	CASR-A	−0.01	0.01	0.72	0.39	0.98	(0.96–1.01)	0.15
	CASR-B	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.90	1.00	(0.97–1.02)	0.15
	ERQ-CR	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.98	1.00	(0.95–1.05)	0.15
	ERQ-SE	0.75	0.03	6.18	0.013	1.07	(1.01–1.14)	0.15

CASR-A = Severity of violence in the last year; CASR-B = Severity of violence over a year ago; ERQ-CR = Cognitive reappraisal strategies; ERQ-SE = Expressive suppression strategies.

Data availability statement

Data and analyses are available on request due to the privacy and safety of research participants.