Hospitalization, interpersonal and personal factors of social anxiety among COVID-19 survivors at the six-month follow-up after hospital treatment: the minority stress model

Figures & data

Table 1. Background characteristics, somatic and psychosocial status of the participants (n = 199)

Background characteristics	n	%	Mean	SD
Sex
Male	93	46.7
Female	106	53.3
Age group (years)			42.72	17.53
18–30	33	16.6
31–40	59	29.6
41–50	35	17.6
51–60	33	16.6
>60	39	19.6
Highest education attained
Middle school or below	53	26.6
High school	57	28.7
College and above	86	43.2
Refuse to disclose	3	1.5
Relationship status
Currently single	36	18.1
Married/cohabited with a partner	163	81.9
Having children
No	39	19.6
Yes	160	80.4
Permanent residents of the city
No	146	73.4
Yes	53	26.6
Employment status
Full-time employment	80	40.2
Free-lanced	31	16.1
Students	15	7.5
Unemployed	17	8.5
Retired	55	27.6
Monthly personal income (¥)
No fixed income	71	35.7
<3,000	25	12.6
3,000–5,999	52	26.1
6,000–9,999	24	12.1
≥10,000	27	13.6
Diagnosis of any chronic diseases before infection	67	33.7
Having at least one family member infected with SARS-Cov-2	89	44.7
Having a family member died of COVID-19	3	1.5
Receiving positive SARS-Cov-2 nucleic acid testing results	7	3.5
Help-seeking for mental health problems during hospitalization	85	42.7
Help-seeking for mental health problems after discharge	44	22.1
Hospitalization variables
Clinical classification of COVID-19 at entry
Asymptomatic	3	1.5
Mild	42	21.1
Common	111	55.8
Severe	25	12.6
Critically severe	18	9.0
ICU (No)	194	97.5
Invasive assisted ventilation (No)	192	96.5
Hormone therapy (No)	175	87.9
Serious complications (No)	188	94.5
Length of stay (days)			20.88	15.83
Sequelae of COVID-19 before discharge	12	6.0
Social/interpersonal variables
Social support			28.05	9.61
Perceived discrimination			1.72	1.84
Perceived affiliate stigma			13.80	5.48
Personal variable
Internalized stigma			18.22	6.89
Outcome variable
Social anxiety			12.07	4.73

Table 2. Associations between background/independent variables and social anxiety

Background characteristics	Social Anxiety
	β (95% CI)	p
Sex
Male	ref
Female	.209	.003
	(.681, 3.279)
Having children
No	ref
Yes	.154	.029
	(.186, 3.485)
Monthly personal income (¥)
No fixed income	ref
<3,000	−.031	.682
	(−2.600, 1.705)
3,000–5,999	−.195	.015
	(−3.788, −.410)
6,000–9,999	−.012	.872
	(−2.364, 2.006)
≥10,000	−.105	.175
	(−3.535, .650)
Receiving positive SARS-Cov-2 nucleic acid testing results	.188	.008
	(1.285, 8.352)
Hospitalization variables
Clinical classification of COVID-19 at entry
Asymptomatic	ref
Mild	.371	.125
	(−1.197, 9.768)
Common	.651	.024
	(.812, 11.548)
Severe	.466	.021
	(1.021, 12.232)
Critically severe	.368	.038
	(.335, 11.777)
Social/interpersonal variables
Perceived discrimination	.411	<.001
	(.710, 1.355)
Perceived affiliate stigma	.453	<.001
	(.284, .500)
Social support	−.245	<.001
	(−.187, −.053)
Personal variable
Internalized stigma	.578	<.001
	(.319, .477)

Figure 1. The mediation model of social anxiety.

Path analysis was performed (χ²(df) = 3.196(3), p = .362, CFI = .999, NNFI = .996, RMSEA = .018). Unstandardized path coefficients (B) are presented. The covariances between interpersonal factors (i.e. perceived discrimination, perceived affiliate stigma, and social support) are not shown for simplicity. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.