Exploring complex-PTSD comorbidity in trauma-exposed Northern Ireland veterans

Figures & data

Table 1. Endorsement rates for trauma exposure and mental health outcomes.

	N^1	n (%)	Worst (%)
Trauma Exposure
Life-threatening illness	638	214 (33.5)	50 (8.2)
Life-threatening accident	638	258 (40.4)	35 (5.7)
Natural disaster	638	151 (23.7)	4 (0.7)
Fire or explosion	638	523 (82.0)	108 (17.6)
Exposed to a toxic substance	638	160 (25.1)	4 (0.7)
Physical force/weapon used in robbery/mugging	638	128 (20.1)	18 (2.9)
Immediate family member/romantic partner/very close friend death due to accident/homicide/suicide	638	348 (54.5)	93 (15.2)
Physical force used by other to sexually assault	638	71 (11.1)	5 (0.8)
Physical force/threat used by other to attempt sexual assault	635	39 (6.1)	5 (0.8)
Unwanted sexual contact when helpless	636	93 (14.6)	2 (0.3)
Physical assault by parent/caregiver/other person in childhood	638	209 (32.8)	15 (2.5)
Physical assault by romantic partner/date/sibling/family member/stranger/someone else	636	253 (39.8)	4 (0.7)
Threatened with a weapon	638	322 (50.5)	32 (5.2)
Caused injury/harm/death to someone else	636	143 (22.5)	16 (2.6)
Present when someone was killed/seriously injured/assaulted	636	416 (65.4)	92 (15.0)
Repeated/extreme exposure to gruesome/horrifying details of another person’s death/serious injury/sexual violation	638	337 (52.8)	54 (8.8)
Other situation: seriously injured/life was in danger	638	447 (70.1)	75 (12.3)
Mental Health Outcomes
Probable PTSD^2	634	37 (5.8)^†
Re-experiencing	638	289 (45.3)
Avoidance	636	276 (43.4)
Sense of Threat	637	349 (54.8)
Probable CPTSD^2	634	148 (23.3)
Affect Dysregulation	636	362 (56.9)
Negative Self Concept	638	260 (40.8)
Interpersonal Disturbances	638	341 (53.4)
Depression	633	267 (42.2)
Anxiety	632	221 (35.0)
Suicidal ideation	636	362 (56.9)
Suicide attempt	638	121 (19.0)

Note: ¹ Sample size for a given analysis; ² mental health outcomes are based on endorsement of self-report items; Trauma categories are not mutually exclusive; Worst denotes selected as worst event and is mutually exclusive; † rate of PTSD taking C-PTSD into account

Table 2. Fit statistics for LCA of ITQ Subscales.

	Log-likelihood	AIC	BIC	ssaBIC	Entropy	LRT, p
2 Class	−1848.93	3723.86	3781.81	3740.54	0.90	1508.74***
3 Class	−1783.77	3607.54	3696.70	3633.20	0.81	127.50***
4 Class	−1772.85	3599.69	3720.07	3634.34	0.83	21.37
5 Class	−1766.92	3601.84	3753.42	3645.47	0.80	11.60**
6 Class	−1762.12	3606.25	3789.04	3658.87	0.83	9.39

Note: AIC: Akaike information criterion; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; ssaBIC: sample size-adjusted BIC; LRT: Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted; model of best fit bolded.

Figure 1. Profile plot for the latent class analysis of ITQ symptom clusters.

Table 3. Endorsement probabilities for ITQ symptom cluster by latent class.

	CPTSD Class 1 (37%)	Moderate Symptomatic Class 2 (27%)	Baseline Class 3 (36%)
Re-experiencing	0.93	0.31	0.05
Avoidance	0.93	0.30	0.01
Sense of Threat	0.96	0.51	0.13
Affect Dysregulation	0.98	0.63	0.07
Negative Self Concept	0.85	0.30	0.01
Interpersonal Disturbances	0.98	0.60	0.00

Table 4. Results of multinomial regressions showing class characteristics.

	OR (95% CI)
Predictors	CPTSD (vs. Baseline)	Moderate Symptomatic (vs Baseline)	CPTSD (vs Moderate Symptomatic)
Cumulative Trauma Exposure	1.28*** (1.15–1.42)	1.14** (1.05–1.23)	1.13** (1.03–1.23)
Mental Health Outcomes
Anxiety (clinical threshold)	22.05*** (8.02–63.19)	3.77** (1.37–10.25)	6.01*** (3.35–10.78)
Depression (clinical threshold)	23.06*** (9.69–54.89)	7.28*** (3.29–16.09)	3.17*** (1.73–5.77)
Suicidal Ideation	4.32*** (2.19–8.48)	2.19** (1.36–3.56)	1.96** (1.09–3.55)
Suicidal Attempt	2.51* (1.04–6.08)	0.96 (0.42–2.19)	2.60** (1.35–5.03)

Note: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Data availability statement

Due to the nature of this research the participants in this study did not provide consent for the public sharing of their data, these data are therefore unavailable.