Status of aflatoxin contamination in cow milk produced in smallholder dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Nairobi County: a case study of Kasarani sub county, Kenya

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Kasarani sub-county, Kenya, showing the study sites.

Figure 2. Education level of female and male respondents in Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya.

Table 1. Smallholder dairy farmers feeding practices in Kasarani, Kenya, and how the feed is sourced and stored.

		Origin of the product
Feed type	%Households using	% On farm formulation	% Purchased	% stored on the floor	% stored on raised surface
Hay	98.78	11.54	88.46	22.06	77.94
Cut-carry-pasture	97.87	52.81	47.19	20	80
Concentrates	98.98	7.37	92.63	27.71	72.29
Silage	56.25	100	0	66.67	33.33

Figure 3. Percentage of dairy farmers in Kasarani, Kenya, that mention food and feed products that are prone to aflatoxin contamination.

Table 2. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk in female and male headed dairy farms in Kasarani, Kenya.

	Respondent gender	Number of samples	Mean aflatoxin M1 levels (ng/kg)	Standard deviation	Min	Max	Median
Overall	Female	41	82.37	61.98	2.06	212.82	85.01
	Male	43	84.88	67.88	<LOD	255.96	79.12
	Total	84	83.66	64.68	<LOD	255.96	80.17
<50 ng/kg	Female	14	17.34	18.18	2.06	48.91	7.80
	Male	16	16.84	16.12	<LOD	49.22	9.94
	Total	30	17.08	16.81	<LOD	49.22	9.55
≥50 ng/kg	Female	27	116.09	47.82	50.92	212.82	98.04
	Male	27	125.20	52.49	50.46	255.96	121.13
	Total	54	120.65	49.95	50.46	255.96	107.52

*p = 0.770.

LOD Limit of detection (2 ng/kg).

Table 3. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and the level of respondent awareness in Kasarani, Kenya.

	Status	Number of samples	Mean aflatoxin M1 levels (ng/kg)	Standard deviation	Min	Max	Median
Overall	Not aware	30	71.62	61.45	2.12	176.76	59.70
	Aware	54	90.35	66.02	<LOD	255.96	88.36
	Total	84	83.66	64.68	<LOD	255.96	80.17
<50 ng/kg	Not aware	14	16.76	17.03	2.12	48.91	9.94
	Aware	16	17.36	17.18	<LOD	49.22	9.09
	Total	30	17.08	16.81	<LOD	49.22	9.55
≥50 ng/kg	Not aware	16	119.63	42.22	58.76	176.76	121.24
	Aware	38	121.08	53.38	50.46	255.96	104.82
	Total	54	120.65	49.95	50.46	255.96	107.52

*p = 0.118.

LOD Limit of detection (2 ng/kg).