Avian influenza viruses at the wild–domestic bird interface in Egypt

Figures & data

Figure 1. Migratory flyways and important bird sites in Egypt.Left pane: Schematic drawing of avian migratory flyways connecting the Palearctic and the Afro-Tropical realms, including the Rift Valley/Red Sea flyway. The arrows are rough indicators of how birds originating from various parts of Eurasia concentrate towards Egypt during migration. Right pane: Important wild bird areas in Egypt. Ramsar sites are indicated by triangles and Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) are indicated by rectangles. Wetland habitats are indicated with blue, scrub habitats are indicated with green and offshore islands are indicated with red. Dashed lines divide Egypt into regions around each important wild bird site (based on Voronoi tessellation). Colored contour lines indicate density distribution of important bird sites in Egypt based on three habitat types: ‘scrub/wadi/desert’, ‘offshore island’ and ‘wetland’.

Table 1. Avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds sampled in Egypt during 2003–2018. The virus pathotype (highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], low pathogenic avian influenza [LPAI] or not determined [n/d]) are indicated for viruses of the H5 subtype, remaining viruses were LPAI.

Subtypes	Species	Year	Reference
H1N1	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2003; 2005; 2006	[50]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2004; 2007	[50]
	Northern pintail (Anas acuta)	2012	[17]
H1N2	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2003	[50]
H2N8	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2007	[50]
H3N1	Wild bird	1970s	[47]
H3N8	Ducks	1990s	[57]
H4N1	Ducks	1970s	[47]
H4N6	Ducks	1976	[48]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2005	[50]
H5Nx	Rock dove (Columbia livia)	2005 n/d	[58]
H5N1	Great egret (Ardea alba)	2006 HPAI	[50]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2005 LPAI & HPAI	[51]
	Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)	2014 HPAI	[60]*
	Crow (Corvus sp.)	2007 HPAI	[60]*
H5N2	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2003 LPAI	[50]
H5N8	Eurasian coot (Fulica atra)	2016 HPAI	[3]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2016 HPAI	[55] [60*]
H6N2	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2003; 2006	[15,50]
	Whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida)	2004	[60*]
	Wild duck	2005	[66]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2006	[50]
H7Nx	Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)	2012	[60*]
	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2010	[60*]
H7N1	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2004; 2012	[17,50]
H7N3	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2006; 2007	[50]
H7N7	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2004	[50]
	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2004	[50]
	Black Kite (Milvus migrans)	2005	[59]
	Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiaca)	2006	[50]
H7N9	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2006; 2007	[50]
H9N9	Northern pintail (Anas acuta)	2005	[50]
H10N1	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2003; 2005	[50]
	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2006	[50]
H10N4	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2007	[50]
H10N7	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2004; 2007	[50],[60*]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2005; 2007	[50]
	Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)	2012	[17]
	Northern pintail (Anas acuta)	2012	[17]
H10N9	Northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata)	2006	[50]
	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2007	[50]
H11N6	Wild duck	1976	[48]
H11N9	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2004	[50]
H13N8	Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca crecca)	2005	[49]

*Virus isolate not described but data was obtained from the NIAID Influenza Research Database (IRD) [60] through the website at http://www.fludb.org

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