Potential predictors of outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with convalescent plasma: a single-center study

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics

Variable	Patients (N = 60)
Age (mean years (SD))	58.95 (13.51)
Sex (females), n (%)	25 (42%)
BMI, kg/m^2, median (IQR)	29.4 (26.6–35.6)
Race
African American/Black	11 (18.3%)
Hispanics/Latino	45 (75%)
Whites	2 (3.3%)
Asian/others	2 (3.3%)
Symptoms, N (%)
Fever	35 (58%)
Cough	44 (73%)
Shortness of breath	51 (85%)
Abdominal pain	9 (15%)
Diarrhea	14 (23%)
Baseline comorbidities/risk factors, N (%)
Hypertension	39 (65%)
Diabetes mellitus	33 (55%)
Obstructive airway disease	16 (27%)
Chronic liver disease	1 (2%)
Congestive heart failure	6 (10%)
Coronary artery disease	9 (15%)
Chronic kidney disease	8 (13%)
HIV	2 (3%)
Malignancy	2 (3%)
Tobacco use
No	48 (80%)
Yes	2 (3%)
Home medications, N (%)
Angiotensin-converting ezyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB)	11 (18%)
Systemic steroids	2 (3%)
Anticoagulation	2 (3%)
Baseline labs, median (IQR)
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	14.5 (7.25–24.75)
Serum sodium (mEq/L)	136 (134–138.5)
Serum potassium (mEq/L)	4.4 (3.9–4.7)
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	1.1 (0.9–1.6)
White blood cell count (k/µl)	7.6 (5.55–10.5)
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (k/µl)	5.8 (4.07–8.5)
Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (k/µl)	0.75 (0.5–1.1)
ANC/ALC ratio	8.6 (6.21–15.81)
D-Dimer (ng/ml)	572 (308.5–1110.5)
Serum LDH (unit/L)	450 (320–681)
C-reactive protein	116.4 (51–205.3)
Serum ferritin (ng/ml)	610.5 (250.5–1175.5)
Lactic acid (mmoles/L)	1.7 (1.3–2.2)
Aspartate aminotransferase (unit/L)	43.5 (28–71.5)
Alanine aminotransferase (unit/L)	29 (20.5–49.25)
In-hospital therapies, N (%)
Hydroxychloroquine	26 (43%)
Anti-retrovirals	4 (7%)
Antibiotics	58 (97%)
Oseltamivir	35 (58%)
Remdesivir	27 (45%)
Systemic steroids	56 (93%)
Anticoagulation	48 (80%)
Barcitinib	1 (2%)
Tocilizumab	35 (58%)
Pre-plasma oxygenation status
Room air	3 (5%)
Low-flow oxygen	13 (21.7%)
High-flow oxygen	5 (8.3%)
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation	17 (28.3%)
Invasive mechanical ventilation	22 (36.7%)

IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation.

Table 2. Baseline demographics and interventions by ethnicity

	Non-Hispanic (n = 15)	Hispanic (n = 45)	p-Value
Age in years (mean (SD))	61.47 (12.90)	58.11 (13.74)	0.409
Sex (females), n (%)	8 (53%)	17 (38%)	0.290
BMI, kg/m^2, median (IQR)	35 (28.2–38.44)	29 (26.6–33.6)	0.035
Symptoms, N (%)
Fever	9 (60%)	26 (58%)	0.880
Cough	12 (80%)	32 (71%)	0.500
Shortness of breath	15(100%)	36 (80%)	0.060
Abdominal pain	1 (7%)	8 (18%)	0.297
Diarrhea	3 (20%)	11 (24%)	0.724
Baseline comorbidities/risk factors, N (%)
Hypertension	11 (73%)	28 (62%)	0.435
Diabetes mellitus	7 (47%)	26 (58%)	0.454
Obstructive airway disease	3 (20%)	13 (29%)	0.500
Chronic liver disease	0	1 (2%)	0.560
Congestive heart failure	2 (13%)	4 (9%)	0.619
Coronary artery disease	2 (13%)	7 (16%)	0.835
Chronic kidney disease	3 (20%)	5 (11%)	0.380
HIV	1 (7%)	1 (2%)	0.406
Malignancy	1 (7%)	1 (2%)	0.406
Tobacco use
No	12 (80%)	36 (80%)	0.027
Yes	2 (3%)	0
Home medications
ACEI/ARB	4 (27%)	7 (16%)	0.335
Systemic steroids	2 (13%)	0	0.013
Anticoagulation	1 (7%)	1 (2%)	0.406
Baseline labs, median (IQR)
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	16 (12–21)	14 (7–25)	0.675
Serum sodium (mEq/L)	138 (135–140)	136 (134–138)	0.234
Serum potassium (mEq/L)	4.2 (3.9–4.5)	4.4 (3.9–4.7)	0.321
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.1 (0.85–1.65)	0.817
White blood cell count (k/µl)	8.3 (7.3–8.8)	7.1 (4.9–10.65)	0.407
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (k/µl)	6.3 (5.4–7.7)	5.6 (3.75–8.7)	0.601
Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (k/µl)	0.7 (0.6–1.4)	0.8 (0.5–1.05)	0.244
ANC/ALC ratio	6.4 (3.7–16.12)	10.5 (6.7–16.15)	0.135
D-Dimer (ng/ml)	668 (383–2824)	568 (297.5–1068)	0.246
Serum LDH (unit/L)	552 (466–705)	437 (278.5–540.5)	0.046
C-reactive protein	105.1 (53.4–218.7)	127.7 (48.3–198.8)	0.889
Serum ferritin (ng/ml)	745 (354–1485)	591 (244–1175.5)	0.6312
Lactic acid (mmoles/L)	1.7 (1.3–2.2)	1.7 (1.3–2.35)	0.972
Aspartate aminotransferase (unit/L)	29 (22–76)	53 (29.5–71)	0.206
Alanine aminotransferase (unit/L)	23 (16–52)	31 (22.5–47.5)	0.249
In-hospital therapies, N (%)
Hydroxychloroquine	7 (47%)	19 (42%)	0.764
Antiretrovirals	3 (20%)	1 (2%)	0.017
Antibiotics	15 (100%)	43 (96%)	0.406
Oseltamivir	7 (47%)	28 (62%)	0.290
Remdesivir	5 (33%)	22 (49%)	0.294
Systemic steroids	15 (100%)	41 (91%)	0.232
Anticoagulation	13 (87%)	35 (78%)	0.456
Barcitinib	1 (7%)	0	0.081
Tocilizumab	9 (60%)	26 (58%)	0.880

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IQR: interquartile range; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; SD: standard deviation.

Table 3. Multivariate regression for improvement in oxygenation score

Variable	Estimate	SE	p-Value	95% CI
Male sex	−0.79	0.26	0.003	−1.31 to −0.28
Abdominal discomfort	0.73	0.35	0.041	0.03 to 1.43
Nausea	−1.06	0.37	0.007	−1.81 to −0.31
Loss of appetite	−3.71	1.36	0.009	−6.44 to −0.97
Generalized weakness	0.99	0.3	0.002	0.39 to 1.61
Blood Bank #1 vs #2	0.96	0 .28	0.001	−1.53 to −0.40
Constant	0.99	0.3	0.002	0.39 to 1.61

Table 4. Multivariate analysis for total survival time

Variable	Estimate	SE	p-Value	95% CI
Hispanic ethnicity	7.79	8.82	0.07	0.85 to 71.62
Obstructive airway disease	6.25	4.48	0.011	1.53 to 25.44
Home angiotensin-converting ezyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB)	23.70	26.03	0.004	2.75 to 203.97
Mechanical ventilation	0.77	0.06	<0.001	1.53 to 25.44

Data availability statement

Data is available for review on a reasonable request and after institutional approval. Check www.bronxcare.org for more information on the institutional policies regarding data sharing.