https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-3242
Figures & data
Figure 1. Diagram showing the two main ROS (superoxide radical, O2−, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) and the more essential enzymes and peptides of the antioxidant machinery. CAT: catalase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; GSH and GSSH: reduced and oxidized glutathione; GSR: glutathione reductase; GST: glutathione S-transferase (detoxify xenobiotics); HMOX: heme oxygenase; PRDX: peroxiredoxin; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TRX: thioredoxin; TRXR: thioredoxin reductase. Other important ROS not included in the diagram are: hydroxyl (OH−), peroxyl (RO2−), alkoxyl (RO−) and hydroperoxyl (HO2−) radicals, as well as ozone (O3) and singlet oxygen (1O2) as non-radical ROS. Note that the fuel that nourishes the antioxidant machinery is NADPH.
Figure 2. Schematic drawing showing the main effects of MVs on ROS. At the top, the direct effect of MVs; at the bottom, the indirect (cell-mediated) effect. The effect of ROS- regulated signaling pathways on the ROS content of the cell is not included.
