Predictability effects during reading in the absence of parafoveal preview

Figures & data

Figure 1. Example stimuli with the target word “relationship” shown in bold.

Table 1. Cloze predictabilities for each of the four experimental conditions.

Experimental condition		Cloze probability
Predictability	Target word location
Predictable	Start	.72
	Middle	.74
Unpredictable	Start	.03
	Middle	.03

Table 2 . Reading eye movement measures.

	Start of the line		Middle of the line
	Predictable	Unpredictable	Predictable	Unpredictable
Gaze duration	289 (49.1)	332 (118.6)	232 (40.2)	233 (52.4)
Skipping rate	9 (15.7)	9 (14.3)	22 (17.8)	18 (14.3)

Note: Gaze durations are in milliseconds and skipping rates are in percentages. Standard deviations appear in parentheses.

Table 3. GLMM results for target word skipping in the presence of parafoveal preview.

	Skipping likelihood		z Value
	Estimate	Standard error
Predictor (intercept)	−2.56	.301	−8.42
Cloze probability	1.15	.362	3.16
Word length	−.185	7.75e−2	−2.38
Launch site	−.407	4.78e−2	−8.51
Cloze probability × launch site	.246	.111	2.20

Note: Significant z values (|z| ≥ 1.96) are printed in bold.

Figure 2. Word skipping likelihood: predictability by launch site.

Table 4. GLMM results for target word skipping in the absence of parafoveal preview.

	Skipping likelihood		z Value
	Estimate	Standard error
Predictor (intercept)	−11.37	4.22	−2.70
Cloze probability	4.06	2.30	1.76
Word length	−3.04	1.05	−2.91
Cloze probability × word length	.888	.742	1.20

Note: Significant z values (|z| ≥ 1.96) are printed in bold.

Table 5. Linear mixed effects models for gaze duration.

	Log GD		t Value
	Estimate	Standard error
Predictor (intercept)	2.47	1.29	191.62
Parafoveal preview (PP)	−.141	1.32e−2	−10.64
Cloze probability (CP)	−5.16e−2	1.80e−2	−2.86
PP × CP	4.14e−2	2.31e−2	1.79

Note: Significant t values (|t| ≥ 1.96) are printed in bold.

Figure 3. Gaze duration: predictability by preview availability.