Participatory design research for the development of real-time simulation models in healthcare

Figures & data

Figure 1. DR methodology frameworks adapted from Peffers et al. (2007) and Blessing and Chakrabarti (2009).

Figure 2. M&S lifecycle, adapted from Brooks and Robinson (2000) and Sargent (2004).

Figure 3. Design Research Methodology (from Blessing & Chakrabarti, 2009) mapped to methods used in the case study application.

Table 1. Staff engagement activities.

Activity	Researcher	Participants	Number
Site visits and direct observations	Primary researchers	Collaborating NHS staff: senior management, senior clinical staff, ED operations manager, IT/analyst staff, ED site visits and hospital control room	Approximately 25 visits were undertaken, including ED walk-through
Workshops	Primary researchers and other academic staff	(i) One-day network event with academics; NHS management, IT, clinical and communications staff; patient representatives; and academics [21/06/2016; University of Exeter] (ii) Two mapping events with academic, clinical and NHS management staff [10/07/2018; 27–28/06/2019 - both workshops conducted in an NHS Trust in the South West of England]	(i) 39 participants + 9 academics (ii) [a] 7 participants (ii) [b] 7 participants (5 in common with previous event)

Figure 4. Flowchart of ED processes for DES. Rx=Treatment; Ix=Investigation; CDU=Clinical Decision Unit (clock stops). Delay=delay to discharge (e.g., awaiting admission, transport etc.).

Figure 5. Planned integration of component parts.

Table 2. Interview participants.

Participant	Number completed (planned)
Doctors	2 (4)
Nurses and nurse practitioners	0 (2)
Executive Management	3 (4)
Data Analysts	1 (2)

Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M. A., & Chatterjee, S. (2007). A design science research methodology for information systems research. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(3), 45–77. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302

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Blessing, L. T., & Chakrabarti, A. (2009). DRM: A design research methodology. Springer.

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Brooks, R. J., & Robinson, S. (2000). Simulation. Palgrave.

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Sargent, R. G. (2004). Validation and verification of simulation models. In Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, Washington, DC, USA. (Vol. 1). IEEE.

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