Molecular surveillance of putative drug resistance markers of antifolate and artemisinin among imported Plasmodium falciparum in Qatar

Figures & data

Figure 1. A map showing the countries of origin of the patients from whom Plasmodium falciparum samples were collected in Doha, Qatar.

Table 1. Frequency (%) and number (n) of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps mutations.

	Mutant alleles	n = 108 (%)
Pfdhfr
	51I	97 (89.8)
	59R	39 (36.1)
	108N	102 (94.4)
	178S	1 (0.9)
	181N	1 (0.9)
	183H	3 (2.8)
	185A	1 (0.9)
Pfdhps
	431V	6 (5.6)
	436A	11 (10.2)
	437G	57 (52.8)
	540E	71 (65.7)
	581G	29 (26.9)
	613S	1 (0.9)

Figure 2. Mutation rates in P. falciparum genes (Pfdhfr,Pfdhps) that confer SP resistance from the isolates collected from East Africa, West and Central Africa and Indian subcontinent.

Table 2. The frequency distribution of genotypes for Pfdhfr and Pfdhps haplotypes among different nationalities.

Genotypes	Pfdhfr
	East Africa n = 67 (%)	Indian subcontinents n = 20 (%)	West and Central Africa n = 21 (%)
ACICSILYT	3 (4.5)	1 (5)	1 (4.7)
ACNCNILYT	1 (1.5)	2 (10)	0
ACICNILYT	44 (65.7)	5 (25)	6 (28.6)
ACNRNILYT	2 (3)	6 (30)	0
ACIRNILYT	14 (20.9)	4 (20)	13 (62)
ACICNISYT	1 (1.5)	0	0
ACIRNILYA	1 (1.5)	0	0
ACIRNILHT	1 (1.5)	0	0
ACNCSILYT	0	1 (5)	0
ACNCNILHT	0	1 (5)	0
ACICNILHT	0	0	1 (4.7)
	Pfdhps
Genotypes	East Africa n = 69 (%)	Indian subcontinents n = 17 (%)	West and Central Africa n = 21 (%)
AAKAA	1 (1.4)	0	0
SGKAA	6 (8.7)	8 (47.1)	8 (38.1)
SAEAA	24 (34.8)	2 (11.8)	0
AAEAA	1 (1.4)	0	0
SGEAA	18 (26.1)	3 (17.6)	0
SGEGA	6 (8.7)	0	1 (4.8)
SAEGA	12 (17.4)	3 (17.6)	1 (4.8)
SAKGA	0	1 (5.9)	0
VAGKGA	0	0	3 (14.3)
VAGKGS	0	0	1 (4.8)
VAAKAA	0	0	2 (9.5)
AGKAA	0	0	2 (9.5)
AAKGA	0	0	1 (4.8)

Figure 3. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of SNPs located in Pfdhfr, Pfdhps genes implicated in SP drug resistance in imported P. falciparum cases in Qatar. The intra and inter-genic association between genes for the isolates collected from East Africa, West and Central Africa and Indian subcontinent were determined using the LD plot. The strength of LDbetween the SNPs was determined from the association of statistical significance by calculating the r2 values and represented by the darkness of the boxes.