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Risk factors of HIV and variation in access to clean needles among people who inject drugs in Pakistan

Fernando Capelasteguia Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKView further author information

Adam Trickeya Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKView further author information

Laura H. Thompsonb Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, CanadaView further author information

Tahira Rezac Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project, Centre for Global Public Health, Islamabad, PakistanView further author information

Faran Emmanuelb Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;c Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project, Centre for Global Public Health, Islamabad, PakistanView further author information

Francois Choletted National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada;e Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, CanadaView further author information

James F. Blanchardb Centre for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, CanadaView further author information

Chris Archibaldf Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, CanadaView further author information

Peter Vickermana Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKView further author information

Aaron G. Lima Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UKCorrespondence[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3141-7496 View further author information

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Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic factors overall, stratified by HIV status, and by access to free, clean needles.

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Table 2. Age-adjusted (AA) and multivariable (MV) odds ratios (OR) with HIV infection.

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Figure 1. Percentage of PWID who report access to free, clean needles in the past year, and mean odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence interval, of HIV infection for education levels versus being illiterate.

Figure 2. Percentage of PWID reporting having been provided with free, clean needles in the last year by age category.

Table 3. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios for associations with the receipt of free, clean needles in the prior year.

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Data availability statement

Due to the sensitive nature of this research, data analyzed in this study are not publicly available.

Risk factors of HIV and variation in access to clean needles among people who inject drugs in Pakistan

Table 1. Demographic factors overall, stratified by HIV status, and by access to free, clean needles.

Table 2. Age-adjusted (AA) and multivariable (MV) odds ratios (OR) with HIV infection.

Table 3. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios for associations with the receipt of free, clean needles in the prior year.

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Risk factors of HIV and variation in access to clean needles among people who inject drugs in Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic factors overall, stratified by HIV status, and by access to free, clean needles.

Table 2. Age-adjusted (AA) and multivariable (MV) odds ratios (OR) with HIV infection.

Table 3. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios for associations with the receipt of free, clean needles in the prior year.

Supplemental Material

Data availability statement

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