Facile synthesis of graphene oxide/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing on determination of dopamine

Figures & data

Figure 1. Measurement steps for dopamine analysis using GO/Fe₃O₄/GCE.

Figure 2. UV-Vis spectra of GO and GO/Fe₃O₄.

Figure 3. SEM images of (A) GO and (B) GO/Fe₃O₄ composites with 40,000x magnification, and TEM images of (C) GO and (D) GO/Fe₃O₄.

Figure 4. EDX Spectrum of GO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites.

Table 1. Chemical composition GO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites.

Element	GO		GO/Fe3O4
Element	Mass (W %)	Atomic (%)	Mass (W %)	Atomic (%)
C	61.32	67.86	47.42	62.16
O	38.68	32.14	32.78	32.25
Fe	–	–	19.8	5.59
Total	100	100	100	100

Figure 5. XRD spectrum of GO and GO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites.

Figure 6. Raman spectrum of GO and GO/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites.

Figure 7. Electrochemical performance using CV of 10 mM [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− in 10 mM PBS (pH 7.4).

Figure 8. (a) CV responses of different electrodes in 10 μM dopamine, (b) Scan rate variation measurements of GO/Fe₃O₄ electrode on 10 μM dopamine, (c) DPV measurements of dopamine concentration variation of 0–20 μM, and (d) Calibration curve of DPV measurements of dopamine from 0–10 μM (n = 3).

Figure 9. Illustration of electrode interface reactions.

Figure 10. Selectivity test on 4.5 mM glucose, 5 mM urea, 5 mM ascorbic acid, and 10 μM dopamine solutions.

Figure 11. Peak current (Ip) change on day-to-day measurements (stability test).

Table 2. Comparison with other publications on dopamine detection.

Modification Materials	Method	Linear Range (µM)	Limit of Detection (µM)	References
Graphene/GCE	CV	22.5–100	0.5	[40]
TiO2-Graphene/GCE	CV	5–200	2	[41]
Au/rGO/GCE	DPV	6.8–41	1.4	[42]
CNNS-GO/GCE	DPV	1–20	0.096	[48]
GO/Fe3O4/Au electrode	CV	25–200	0.023	[29]
f-MWCNT/CE	DPV	3–200	0.80	[43]
f-MWCNT/AgNP/GCE	DPV	1–8	0.2778	[13]
rGO/PdNP/GCE	LSV	1–150	0.233	[49]
SnS2/GR-β-CD/GCE	DPV	0.01–150.76	0.004	[50]
PrGO/CuS/GCE	DPV	0.1–185.1	0.022	[51]
GO-CMF/PdSPs/GCE	DPV	0.3 − 196.3	0.023	[52]
GO/Fe3O4/GCE	DPV	1–10	0.48	This research

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