Health-related factors associated with intimate partner violence in women attending a primary care clinic in south-western Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1: ^*Items used to measure types of intimate partner violence¹⁸

Type of IPV measured	Items used to measure IPV
Psychological violence	He insulted you, or made you feel bad about yourself.
	He humiliated or belittled you in front of others.
	He intimidated or scared you on purpose, e.g. by shouting and smashing things.
	He threatened you with harm directly or indirectly by threatening to hurt someone about whom you cared.
Physical violence	He slapped you.
	He threw something at you that could hurt you.
	He pushed or shoved you.
	He hit you with a fist or something else that would hurt.
	He kicked, dragged or beat you up, or choked or burnt you on purpose.
	He threatened you with or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you.
Sexual violence	He physically forced you to have sexual intercourse with him against your will.
	You had sexual intercourse with him because you were afraid of what he might do.
	He forced you to do something sexual which you found to be degrading or humiliating.

IPV: intimate partner violence

^* : Adapted from the World Health Organization multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Life Experiences

Table 2: Respondents’ biodata

Biodata	n = 400
	n (%)
Age group (years)
20–29	49 (12.2)
30–39	139 (34.8^*)
40–49	94 (23.5)
50 and older	118 (29.5)
Ethnicity
Hausa	17 (4.3)
Igbo	32 (8.0)
Yoruba	340 (85.2^*)
Others	10 (2.5)
Relationship type
Monogamous	236 (59.0^*)
Polygamous	145 (36.3)
Engaged or cohabiting	19 (4.7)
Religion
Christian	222 (55.5^*)
Muslim	174 (43.5)
Traditional	4 (1.0)
Educational level
None	71 (17.8)
Primary	95 (23.8)
Junior secondary	19 (4.8)
Senior secondary	101 (25.2^*)
Post secondary	114 (28.4^*)
Income level
Below N 6 000	275 (68.8^*)
N 6 000 and above	125 (31.2)
Occupational class
Class I	37 (9.2)
Class II	35 (8.8)
Class III	66 (6.5)
Class IV	12 (3.0)
Class V	220 (55.0^*)
Class VI	30 (7.5)

N: Nigerian naira

^* : Bold items signify statistical significance (p < 0.05)

Figure 1: Intimate partner violence by type and proportion

IPV: Intimate partner violence *: includes multiple responses

Table 3: Association of respondents’ symptoms with intimate partner violence

ICPC-2 class of symptoms	“IPV Yes”	“IPV No”	χ^2	p
	n = 170	n = 230
General or unspecified	41 (24.1)	50 (21.8)	0.315	0.028^*
Female genital	21 (12.4)	23 (10.0)	0.553	0.037^*
Digestive	19 (11.2)	39 (17.0)	2.634	0.048^*
Poor sleep (psychological)	10 (5.9)	6 (2.6)	3.724	0.049^*
Musculoskeletal	22 (12.7)	38 (16.6)	0.983	0.049^*
Headaches (neurological)	12 (7.1)	15 (6.6)	0.045	0.011^*
Urological	03 (1.8)	2 (0.9)	0.635	0.361
Cardiovascular	03 (1.8)	1 (0.4)	1.746	0.208
Scars or abrasions	07 (4.1)	1 (0.4)	6.764	0.012^*
Eye complaints	19 (11.2)	31 (13.5)	0.474	0.049^*
Ear complaints	3 (1.8)	4 (1.7)	0.000	0.635
Respiratory	6 (3.5)	9 (3.9)	0.400	0.841
Pregnancy related	3 (1.8)	10 (4.4)	2.074	0.136
Endocrine	1 (0.6)	1 (0.4)	0.046	0.831

ICPC-2: International Classification of Primary Care-2, IPV: intimate partner violence, χ²: chi-square value

^* : Bold items signify statistical significance (p < 0.05)

Table 4: Suicidal ideation in the respondents

Suicidal ideation	“IPV Yes”	“IPV No”	χ^2	p
	n = 170	n = 230
	n (%)	n (%)
Present	21 (12.4)	08 (3.5)	11.449	0.001^*
Absent	149 (87.6)	222 (96.5)

IPV: intimate partner violence, χ²: chi-square

^* : Bold items signify statistical significance (p < 0.05)

Figure 2: Association of intimate partner violence with respondents’ body mass indices

BMI: body mass index, IPV: intimate partner violence,*: p = 0.039, chi-square = 4.253

Figure 3: Association of intimate partner violence with respondents’ blood pressure

BP: blood pressure, *: p = 0.66, chi-square = 0.194

Table 5: Logistic regression of analysis of the significant variables with respect to intimate partner violence

Significant variables	β	p	OR	95% CI for OR
Non-specific complaints	1.023	0.300	2.782	0.402–19.246
Female genital complaints	−0.600	0.958	0.942	0.100–8.857
Poor sleep (psychological)	0.749	0.505	2.115	0.234–19.144
Headaches (neurological)	2.545	0.102	12.749	0.602–27.018
Abrasions or scars	0.502	0.745	1.652	0.081–33.915
Suicidal ideation	2.543	0.032^*	12.658	1.248–29.677
Obesity	0.909	0.088	2.482	0.874–7.051
Constant	−0.997	0.464	0.369

CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio

* : Significant association was set at the 5% level of significance

Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, et al. WHO multi- country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2005 [cited 2010 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/

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