Quality of life and common psychological problems profile in a large sample of manufacturing employees in a developing country: an association analysis using latent class regression

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram presenting the selected study samples.

Table 1. Latent classes of quality life identified by latent class analysis.

Items of EQ-5D questionnaire		Class-specific response pattern of participants to EQ-5D items
	Levels of quality of life	Low	High
	Class size	621(0.20)	2442(0.80)
Mobility
I have no problems in walking about		0.69	0.99
I have some problems in walking about/I am confined to bed		0.31	0.01
Self-care
I have no problems with self-care		0.99	1.00
I have some problems washing or dressing myself/I am unable to wash or dress myself		0.01	0.00
Usual activities (e.g. work, study, housework, family or leisure activities)
I have no problems with performing my usual activities		0.94	1.00
I have some problems with performing my usual activities/I am unable to perform my usual activities		0.06	0.00
Pain/discomfort
I have no pain or discomfort		0.13	0.94
I have moderate pain or discomfort/I have extreme pain or discomfort		0.87	0.06
Anxiety/depression
I am not anxious or depressed		0.48	0.89
I am moderately anxious or depressed/I am extremely anxious or depressed		0.52	0.11

Data are presented as percentage.

Table 2. Demographic characteristics, life style, job-related variables and psychology variables of participants across two classes of QoL.

variables	Levels of QoL (QoL class)
	Low	High
			P*
Sex
Male	547(88.1)	2256(92.4)	0.001
Female	74(11.9)	186(7.6)
Marital status
Married	568(91.5)	2190(89.7)	0.185
Single	53(8.5)	252(10.3)
Education level
0–5 years	41(6.6)	214(8.8)	0.193
6–12	389(62.6)	1519(62.2)
>12	191(30.8)	709(29)
Smoking status
Non smokers	416(67)	1755(71.9)	0.017
Current or former smoker	205(33)	687(28.1)
Shift work
Daily(daily shift)	316(50.9)	1064(43.6)	0.001
Shift(rotating shift work)	305(49.1)	1378(56.4)
Second job
Yes	54(8.7)	231(9.5)	0.559
Age (years)	38.48 ± 7.22	36.26 ± 7.26	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.09 ± 4.11	25.46 ± 3.70	<0.001
Physical activity (METs hour/week)	9.20 ± 14.51	9.97 ± 15.55	0.26
Sleep duration(hour)	6.91 ± 1.22	7.16 ± 1.15	<0.001
Depression			<0.001
Score	3.57 ± 3.19	1.81 ± 2.25
Yes	72(11.6)	66(2.7)
Anxiety			<0.001
Score	4.24 ± 3.70	1.70 ± 2.45
Yes	105(16.9)	96(3.9)
Psychological distress			<0.001
Score	1.28 ± 1.87	0.45 ± 1.11
Yes	71(11.5)	69(2.8)

*P-values resulted from two independent samples t-test (or Mann–Whitney U test) and χ[2] test for continues and categorical variables, respectively

Table 3. Crude and multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI for OR) of the association of psychological problems profile scores and QoL.

	Coefficient	z-value (P-value)	Odds ratio (OR)	95% CI for OR
Crude model	1.81	7.79 (< 0.001)	6.12	(3.88,9.65)
Model 1*	1.81	7.62 (< 0.001)	6.12	(3.84,9.74)
Model 2**	1.80	7.47 (< 0.001)	6.04	(3.77,9.70)
Model 3***	1.80	7.44 (< 0.001)	6.03	(3.76,9.69)

*Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, marital status and education level.

**Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education level, smoking status, BMI, physical activity and sleep duration.

***Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education level, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, sleep duration, shifting work and second job.

Who Group. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(10):1403–1409.

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