Clinical pattern of pediatric ocular trauma in a tertiary referral center

Figures & data

Table 1. Study patients’ demographics.

Demographic characteristics of the study patients
Total number of patients (n,%)	146(100)
Male	103 (70.5)
Female	43 (29.5)
Age (mean±standard deviation, range, median) (months)	98.1 ± 56.4, 2.5–216, 96
Age groups of study participants (months) (n,%)	146 (100)
0–24 (0–2 years)	14 (9.6)
25–48 (2–4 years)	23 (15.8)
49–72 (4–6 years)	25 (17.1)
73–96 (6–8 years)	16 (11.0)
97–120 (8–10 years)	27 (18.5)
121–144 (10–12 years)	5 (3.4)
145–168 (12–14 years)	18 (12.3)
169–192 (14–16 years)	9 (6.2)
193–216 (16–18 years)	9 (6.2)
Laterality (n,%)	147(100)
Right	114 (77.6)
Left	33 (22.4)
Residence (n,%)	146(100)
Alexandria	73 (50.0)
Urban	44 (30.1)
Rural	29 (19.8)
Out of Alexandria	65 (44.5)
Urban	13 (8.9)
Rural	52 (35.6)
unspecified	8 (5.5)
Care providers occupation (n,%)	146(100)
Professional	13 (8.9)
Manual	102 (69.9)
Unspecified	31(21.2)

Table 2. Circumstances of injury.

Circumstances of injury
Place of incident (n,%)	146 (100)
Household	59 (40.4)
External Environment	73 (50.0)
Unspecified	14 (9.6)
Mode of trauma (n,%)	146 (100)
Physical	135 (92.5)
Thermal	4(2.7)
Mechanical	129 (88.3)
Blunt	70 (47.9)
Sharp	50 (34.2)
High velocity missile	9 (6.2)
Chemical	1 (0.7)
Acid	0
Alkali	1 (0.7)
Lime	0
Others	10(6.8)
Child abuse suspected	1 (0.7)
General condition and injuries
Non-ocular injuries present	8 (5.5)
Consciousness level
Fully conscious	141 (96.57%)
Impaired consciousness	4 (2.7)
Comatose	1 (0.7)

Table 3. Clinical data of traumatized eyes.

Clinical data of traumatized eyes
Trauma (n,%)	OD (114,100)	OS (33,100)	Total (147,100)
Lids	13 (11.4)	13 (39.4)	26 (17.9)
Cut	9 (7.9)	9 (27.3)	18 (12.3)
Laceration	3 (2.6)	0	3 (2.0)
Haematoma	1 (0.9)	4 (12.1)	5 (3.4)
Orbit	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.7)
margin fracture	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.7)
Conjunctiva injuries	29 (25.4)	14 (42.4)	43 (29.3)
Cut (clean)	6 (5.3)	3 (9.1)	9 (6.2)
Laceration (ragged)	17 (14.9)	4 (12.1)	21 (14.4)
Subconjunctival hemorrhage	5 (4.4)	6 (18.2)	11 (7.5)
Retained Foriegn body	1 (0.9)	1 (3.0)	2 (1.4)
Cornea injuries	77 (52.7)	19 (57.6)	96 (65.8)
Rupture globe	56 (49.1)	13 (39.4)	69 (47.3)
Central	10 (8.8)	2 (6.1)	12 (8.2)
Peripheral	23 (20.2)	6 (18.2)	29 (19.9)
Central AND peripheral	21 (18.4)	5 (15.2)	26 (17.8)
Irregular	2 (1.8)	0	2 (1.4)
Closed globe injury	21 (18.4)	7 (21.2)	28 (19.1)
Erosion	8 (7.0)	3 (9.1)	11 (7.5)
Edema	4 (3.5)	2 (6.1)	6 (4.1)
Partial thickness wound	2 (1.8)	1 (3.0)	3 (2.0)
Foriegn body	7 (6.1)	1 (3.0)	8 (5.5)
Infiltrate	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.7)
Sclera injuries	22 (19.3)	7 (21.2)	29 (19.9)
Cut (rupture globe)	16 (14.0)	4 (12.1)	20 (13.7)
Anterior	15 (13.2)	4 (12.1)	19 (13.0)
Posterior	1 (0.9)	0	1 (0.7)
Anterior chamber
Depth
Normal	70 (61.4)	23 (69.7)	93 (63.7)
Abnormal	44 (38.6)	10 (30.3)	54 (36.9)
Shallow	22 (19.3)	4 (12.1)	26 (17.8)
Lost	20 (17.5)	3 (9.1)	23 (15.8)
Irregular	2 (1.8)	3 (9.1)	5 (3.4)
Blood content (Hyphema)	25 (21.9)	10 (30.3)	35 (23.9)
Total	7 (6.1)	1 (3.0)	8 (5.5)
8 ball	2 (1.8)	0	2 (1.4)
Grade (1–2)	16 (14.0)	9 (27.3)	25 (17.1)
IOP
Not assessed	16 (14.0)	7 (21.2)	23 (15.8)
open globe injury	14 (12.3)	7 (21.2)	21 (14.4)
lack of cooperation	2 (1.8)	0	2 (1.4)
Assessed digitally
T -	34 (29.8)	0	34 (23.3)
T+	3 (2.6)	2 (6.1)	5 (3.4)
Tnd	61 (53.5)	24 (72.7)	85 (85.2)
Iris
Free	83 (72.8)	23 (69.7)	106 (72.6)
Iris injury	31 (27.2)	10 (30.3)	41 (27.9)
Dialysis	3 (2.6)	1 (3.0)	4 (2.7)
Sphincteric tear	4 (3.5)	1 (3.0)	5 (3.4)
prolapse	22 (19.3)	8 (24.2)	30 (5.5)
Foreign body	1 (0.9)	0	1 (0.7)
Unspecified (traumatic iridotomy)	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
Pupil
RRR(D&C)	71 (62.3)	25 (75.7)	96 (65.7)
Abnormal pupil	43 (29.4)	8 (24.2)	51 (34.9)
RAPD	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
Distorted	37 (32.4)	6 (18.1)	43 (29.4)
Sluggish reaction	5 (4.3)	2 (6.1)	7 (4.7)
Lens injury	26 (22.8)	10 (30.3)	36 (24.6)
Cataract (Unspecified morphology)	14 (12.2)	6 (18.1)	20 (13.7)
Dislocated	2 (1.7)	2 (5.1)	4 (2.7)
Posterior	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.6)
Extruded	2 (1.7)	1 (3.0)	3 (2.0)
Inferior subluxation	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.6)
Capsule	10 (8.7)	1 (3.0)	11 (7.5)
Ruptured	9 (7.8)	1 (3.0)	10 (6.8)
Pigment deposits	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
Vitreous pathology	2 (1.7)	4 (12.1)	6 (4.1)
Hemorrhage	1 (0.8)	1 (3.0)	2 (1.3)
Endophthalmitis	1 (0.8)	2 (6.0)	3 (2.0)
Foreign Body	0	1 (3.0)	1 (0.6)
Retina
Foreign Body	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
Detachment	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
Investigations
Ultrasound
vitreous hemorrhage	6 (5.2)	0	6 (4.1)
Retinal Detachment	3 (2.6)	0	3 (2.0)
IOFB	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)
CT
IOFB	1 (0.8)	0	1 (0.6)

RRR (D&C): round, regular, reactive, direct and consensual. RAPD: relative afferent pupillary defect, CT: computed tomography. IOFB: intraocular foreign body.

Figure 1. Age stratification of the injured children included in the study.

Figure 2. Clinical data of traumatized eyes.