The efficacy of enhanced recovery protocol from anesthesia in diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the two studied groups by age and sex

Age (years)	Sex		t	p
	Male (n = 51)	Female (n = 3)
Min. – Max.	55.0–75.0	65.0–69.0	0.613	0.543
Mean ± SD.	64.57 ± 5.86	66.67 ± 2.08
Median	65.0	66.0

Table 2. Comparison between the two studied groups according to changes in the mean stroke volume(ml/beat)

Stroke Volume	Diabetics (n = 27)	Non diabetics (n = 27)	t	p
Baseline	78.44 ± 3.83	76.44 ± 7.79	1.198	0.238
30 min.	76.78 ± 4.28	73.78 ± 6.61	1.979	0.053
60 min.	80.85 ± 5.93	74.26 ± 6.76	3.809*	<0.001*
90 min.	78.59 ± 5.03	73.78 ± 7.02	2.898*	0.005*
120 min.	72.93 ± 4.17	72.59 ± 5.46	0.252	0.802
150 min	76.11 ± 4.18	74.74 ± 6.78	0.894	0.376
180 min.	77.89 ± 6.38	74.44 ± 7.49	1.820	0.074
210 min.	77.74 ± 5.85	74.44 ± 7.63	1.758	0.085
240 min.	76.06 ± 4.53	72.38 ± 7.58	1.549	0.138

Table 3. Comparison between the two studied groups according to changes in the mean Cardiac Index (L/min/m²)

Cardiac Index	Diabetics (n = 27)	Non diabetics (n = 27)	t	p
Baseline	3.57 ± 0.31	3.0 ± 0.39	5.995*	<0.001*
30 min.	3.45 ± 0.27	2.90 ± 0.38	6.197*	<0.001*
60 min.	3.31 ± 0.29	2.96 ± 0.33	4.124*	<0.001*
90 min.	3.03 ± 0.24	3.07 ± 0.31	0.492	0.625
120 min.	2.85 ± 0.26	3.28 ± 0.43	4.440*	<0.001*
150 min	3.20 ± 0.29	3.38 ± 0.34	2.041*	0.046*
180 min.	3.54 ± 0.32	3.36 ± 0.38	1.899	0.063
210 min.	3.28 ± 0.35	3.46 ± 0.42	1.751	0.086
240 min.	3.42 ± 0.39	3.36 ± 0.34	0.459	0.650

Table 4. Comparison between the two studied groups according to changes in the mean Hematocrit value (%)

Hematocrit value (%)	Diabetics (n = 27)	Non diabetics (n = 27)	t	p
Basal	35.81 ± 2.04	34.19 ± 1.47	3.370*	0.001*
After Rec.	31.81 ± 1.94	29.30 ± 1.79	4.950*	<0.001*
Day 1	30.78 ± 2.14	30.26 ± 2.05	0.910	0.367

Table 5. Comparison between the two studied groups according to changes in the mean lactate level (mmol/liter)

Lactate level (mmol/liter)	Group		Test of significance	P value
	Diabetics (n = 27)	Non-diabetics (n = 27)
Basal	0.88 ± 0.3	0.82 ± 0.4	0.645	0.077
After Rec.	2.25 ± 0.59	2.11 ± 0.68	0.814	0.667
Day 1	1.78 ± 0.71	1.82 ± 0.62	0.223	0.521

Table 6. Comparison between the two studied groups according to blood loss, Lactated Ringer’s, colloid (Hydroxyetylstarch), packed RBCs, Fresh Frozen Plasma, first bowel movement and length of hospital stay

Blood loss (ml)	Group		Test of significance	P value
	Diabetics	Non diabetics
Mean ±SD	2333.33 ± 521.83	2094.44 ± 400.56	Mann Whitney U = 454.0	p = 0.115
Median	2200.0	2000.0
Min.	1800.0	1500.0
Max.	3700.0	3000.0
Lactated Ringer’s(ml)
Mean ±SD	1022.22	794.44 ± 197.25	Mann Whitney U = 532.0	p = 0.003*
Median	1000.0	800.0
Min.	700.0	500.0
Max.	1800.0	1200.0
colloid (Hydroxyethyl starch) (ml)
Mean ±SD	1325.92 ± 320.56	1133.33 ± 277.35	Mann Whitney U = 508.0	p = 0.010*
Median	1300.0	1000.0
Min.	800.0	800.0
Max.	2000.0	1800.0
Packed RBCs(units)
Mean ±SD	2.74 ± 0.71	2.62 ± 0.68	Mann Whitney U = 376.5	p = 0.817
Median	3.0	3.0
Min.	2.0	1.0
Max.	4.0	4.0
Fresh Frozen Plasma (units)
Mean ±SD	2.18 ± 0.68	1.81 ± 0.92	Mann Whitney U = 473.5	p = 0.044*
Median	2.0	2.0
Min.	1.0	1.0
Max.	3.0	4.0
First Bowel movement (days)
Mean ±SD	1.92 ± 0.67	1.77 ± 0.64	Mann Whitney U = 406.5	p = 0.416
Median	2.0	2.0
Min.	1.0	1.0
Max.	3.0	3.0
Length of hospital stay (days)
Mean ±SD	7.74 ± 0.92	6.48 ± 0.89	Mann Whitney U = 600.5	P < 0.001*
Median	8.0	7.0
Min.	6.0	5.0
Max.	9.0	8.0

Table 7. Multiple linear regression analysis of factors affecting length of hospital stay

Significant factors in the model	Unstandardized B	T test significance	ANOVA	R square
Fresh Frozen Plasma	0.743	t = 5.057 p < 0.001*	F = 3.139P < 0.001*	0.441
Lactated Ringer’s solution	0.002	t = 3.629 p = 0.001*
Packed RBCs	−0.443	t = 2.412p = 0.020*