Prevalence of child discipline practices and their associated maternal psychosocial profile in Alexandria

Figures & data

Table

	Depression	Anxiety	Stress
Normal	0–9	0–7	0–14
Mild	10–13	8–9	15–18
Moderate	14–20	10–14	19–25
Severe	21–27	15–19	26–33
Extremely severe	28+	20+	34+

Figure 1. Distribution of sampled mothers by the used type of child discipline practices, in Alexandria, 2023.

Figure 2. Distribution of sampled mothers by the used type of violent discipline practices, in Alexandria, 2023.

Figure 3. Distribution of different forms psychological violent discipline practices, in Alexandria, 2023.

Figure 4. Distribution of different forms physical violent discipline practices, in Alexandria, 2023.

Figure 5. Distribution of different forms severe physical violent discipline practices, in Alexandria, 2023.

Table 1. Distribution of sampled mothers who use nonviolent discipline practices only versus who use psychological, physical, or severe physical with or without nonviolent discipline practices by their socio-demographic characteristics, in Alexandria, 2023.

	Nonviolent discipline practices (NVDP) (n = 69)		Psychological, physical, or severe physical violence with or without NVDP (n = 204)		Test of significance
Residence	N	%	N	%
Urban	66	95.7	163	79.9	X^2 = 9.461
Rural	3	4.3	41	20.1	p = 0.002*
Marital status
Married	53	76.8	165	80.9	X^2 = 2.703
Widow	5	7.2	15	7.4	p = 0.440
Divorced	7	10.1	20	9.8
Separated	4	5.8	4	2
Lives with whom
Husband	47	68.1	82	40.2	X^2 = 22.905
Husband and family	7	10.2	82	40.2	p < 0.001*
Family only	15	21.7	40	19.6
Age of child(years)
Toddler (1 < 3)	17	24.6	16	7.8	p < 0.001*
Preschooler (3 < 6)	14	20.3	71	34.8	p < 0.001*
School-age (>6)	38	55.1	117	57.4
Educational level
Illiterate or read and write	0	0	13	6.4	X^2 = 48.869
Primary	0	0	29	14.2	p < 0.001*
Preparatory	3	4.3	38	18.6
Secondary	11	15.9	50	24.5
Institute	29	42	52	25.5
University	26	37.7	22	10.8
Husband’s education
Illiterate or read and write	0	0	7	3.4	X^2 = 84.956
Primary	2	2.9	18	8.8	p < 0.001*
Preparatory	2	2.9	25	12.3
Secondary	2	2.9	43	21.1
Institute	13	18.8	81	39.7
University	50	72.5	30	14.7
Occupation
Housewife	28	40.6	119	58.3	X^2 = 59.249
Professional	22	31.9	5	2.5	p < 0.001*
Skilled worker	1	1.4	24	11.8
Semi-professional	15	21.7	33	16.2
Trader	3	4.3	11	5.4
Worker	0	0	12	5.9
Husband’s occupation
Not working or retired	4	5.8	15	7.4	X^2 = 76.022
Professional	47	68.1	32	15.7	p < 0.001*
Skilled worker	1	1.4	48	23.5
Semiprofessional	9	13	34	16.7
Trader	5	7.2	30	14.7
Farmer	3	4.3	21	10.3
Worker	0	0	24	11.8
Monthly income
Not enough and borrow	3	4.3	54	26.5	X^2 = 59.488
Not enough	4	5.8	76	37.3	p < 0.001*
Enough	37	53.6	47	23
Enough and save	25	36.2	27	13.2
Socioeconomic status
Low	4	5.8	98	48	X^2 = 79.142
Moderate	14	20.3	70	34.3	p < 0.001*
High	51	73.9	36	17.6

X²: Chi-square test.

p*: p-value is significant at level < 0.05.

Table 2. Distribution of sampled mothers who use nonviolent discipline practices only versus who use psychological, physical, or severe physical with or without nonviolent discipline practices by their scores on depression anxiety stress scales, in Alexandria, 2023.

	Nonviolent discipline practices (NVDP) (n = 69)		Psychological, physical, or severe physical ± NVDP (n = 204)		Test of significance
Depression	N	%	N	%
Normal	53	76.8	62	30.4	X^2 = 49.021
Mild	7	10.1	26	12.7	p < 0.001*
Moderate	7	10.1	62	30.4
Severe	2	3	50	24.5
Extremely severe	0	0	4	2
Anxiety
Normal	50	72.5	30	14.7	X^2 = 88.574
Mild	14	20.3	61	29.9	p < 0.001*
Moderate	5	7.2	77	37.7
Severe	0	0	35	17.2
Extremely severe	0	0	1	0.5
Stress
Normal	42	60.9	38	18.6	X^2 = 57.927
Mild	21	30.4	54	26.5	p < 0.001*
Moderate	6	8.7	74	36.3
Severe	0	0	32	15.7
Extremely severe	0	0	6	2.9

X²: Chi-square test.

p*: p-value is significant at level < 0.05.