Multidimensional assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in governmental hospitals 2021

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the study HCWs as regard findings of their psychological assessment.

Psychological assessment	Front-line HCWs (n = 245)		Second-line HCWs (n = 226)		Total (n = 471)		Test of significance
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Depression
Min-Max Mean score ± SD	2–20 11.01 ± 4.24		2–20 11.03 ± 3.97		2–20 11.02 ± 4.11		t = 0.016 P = 0.98 CI= −0.75–0.74
Normal	70	28.6	59	26.1	129	27.4	χ2 = 0.61 P = 0.74 DF = 2
Mild	97	39.6	97	42.9	194	41.2
Moderate	78	31.8	70	31.0	148	31.4
Anxiety
Min-Max Mean score ± SD	0–14 6.37 ± 3.24		0–14 4.71 ± 3.06		0–14 5.57 ± 3.26		t = 5.7 P = 0.001* CI = 1.08–2.2
Normal	170	69.4	153	67.7	323	68.6	χ2 = 34.51 P = 0.001* DF = 2
Mild	34	13.9	66	29.2	100	21.2
Moderate	41	16.7	7	3.1	48	10.2
Stress
Min-Max Mean score ± SD	4–30 13.59 ± 5.5		2–30 9.13 ± 4.75		2–30 11.45 ± 5.61		t = 9.4 P = 0.001* CI = 3.5–5.4
Normal	172	70.2	211	93.5	383	81.4	χ2 = 41.87 P = 0.001* DF = 3
Mild	22	9.0	6	2.7	28	5.9
Moderate	42	17.1	7	3.1	49	10.4
Severe	9	3.7	2	0.9	11	2.3

t: Independent sample t test; CI: 95% Confidence interval of the mean difference; χ2: Chi square test; *: statistically significant; DF: degree of freedom.

Table 2. Factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress scores among the study HCWs.

Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress scores	Depression score		Anxiety score		Stress score
	Mean±SD	Test of significance	Mean±SD	Test of significance	Mean±SD	Test of significance
Age (n = 471)	11.13 ± 4.11	r = 0.014 P = 0.77	5.57 ± 3.26	r = −0.052 P = 0.257	11.4 ± 5.6	r = 0.048 P = 0.302
History of chronic illness: Yes (n = 167) No (n = 304)	11.97 ± 3.49 10.66 ± 4.35	t = 3.348 P = 0.001*	5.9 ± 3.2 5.4 ± 3.2	t = 1.466 P = 0.143	11.9 ± 5.9 10.6 ± 4.8	t = 2.389 P = 0.017*
History of past COVID-19 infection: Yes (n = 394) No (n = 77)	11.04 ± 4.17 11.56 ± 3.76	t = −1.001 P = 0.317	5.5 ± 3.3 5.9 ± 3.2	t = −0.955 P = 0.34	11.7 ± 5.4 10.1 ± 6.4	t = 2.248 P = 0.025*
Severity of past COVID-19 infection: Mild (n = 192) Moderate (n = 113) Severe (n = 89)	11.23 ± 4.88 10.48 ± 3.57 11.07 ± 3.1	F = 2.348 P = 0.072	5.5 ± 3.6 5.9 ± 2.9 6.2 ± 2.9	F = 3.797 P = 0.01*	10.7 ± 4.8 11.3 ± 4.8 13.5 ± 6.9	F = 3.797 P = 0.01*
Number of COVID-19 cases dealt with daily (n = 471)	11.13 ± 4.11	r= −0.051 P = 0.269	5.57 ± 3.26	r = 0.088 P = 0.058	11.4 ± 5.6	r = 0.423 P = 0.001*
Number of cases among colleagues (n = 471)	11.13 ± 4.11	r= −0.009 P = 0.851	5.57 ± 3.26	r= −0.011 P = 0.81	11.4 ± 5.6	r= −0.055 P = 0.237
Availability of clear COVID-19 protocols: Yes (n = 335) No (n = 52) Do not know (n = 84)	11.17 ± 4.4 11.04 ± 3.8 11.02 ± 2.77	F = 0.075 P = 0.928	5.7 ± 3.5 3.9 ± 2.1 5.6 ± 2.4	F = 7.308 P = 0.001*	11.4 ± 5.6 13.2 ± 7.5 10.5 ± 3.5	F = 7.308 P = 0.001*
Adherence to strict hand washing: Adherent (n = 277) Not adherent (n = 194)	10.7 ± 4.2 11.7 ± 3.9	t = 2.586 P = 0.01*	4.9 ± 2.4 6.5 ± 3.9	t = 5.161 P = 0.001*	12.7 ± 5.7 9.7 ± 4.9	t = 5.883 P = 0.001*
Adherence to mask wearing: Adherent (n = 322) Not adherent (n = 149)	10.8 ± 4.04 11.9 ± 4.16	t = 2.71 P = 0.007*	5.2 ± 2.8 6.3 ± 4.0	t = 3.436 P = 0.001*	11.7 ± 5.9 10.8 ± 4.8	t = −1.634 P = 0.108
Adherence to social distancing: Adherent (n = 112) Not adherent (n = 359)	11.8 ± 4.1 10.9 ± 4.1	t= −2.1 P = 0.036*	4.9 ± 2.8 5.8 ± 3.4	t = 2.399 P = 0.017*	11.2 ± 5.8 11.5 ± 5.5	t = 0.417 P = 0.677

r: Pearson correlation coefficient; t: Independent sample t test; F: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test; *: statistically significant.

Table 3. Distribution of the studied HCWs as regard levels of burnout syndrome.

Burnout syndrome	Front-line HCWs (n = 245)		Second-line HCWs (n = 226)		Total (n = 471)		Test of significance
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Burnout levels among HCWs
Absent	29	11.8	35	15.5	64	13.6	χ2 = 179.16 P = 0.001* DF = 3
Mild	33	13.5	149	65.9	182	38.6
Moderate	150	61.2	18	8.0	168	35.7
Severe	33	13.5	24	10.6	57	12.1

χ2: Chi square test; *: statistically significant; DF: degree of freedom.

Table 4. Distribution of the study HCWs as regard coping strategies and adopted interventions against stressors in their workplace.

Coping strategies and adopted interventions	Front-line HCWs (n = 245)		Second-line HCWs (n = 226)		Total (n = 471)		Test of significance
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Organizational interventions in workplace to prevent or manage work-related stressors**
Increase workforce	95	38.8	101	44.7	196	41.6	χ2 = 1.69 P = 0.19
Frequent meetings with staff	89	36.3	63	27.9	152	32.3	χ2 = 3.84 P = 0.05*
Shifts rescheduling	27	29.4	76	33.6	148	31.4	χ2 = 0.98 P = 0.32
Frequent breaks during working day	45	18.4	92	40.7	137	29.1	χ2 = 28.45 P = 0.001*
Staff training	36	14.7	43	19.0	79	16.8	χ2 = 1.58 P = 0.21
Individual interventions adopted by HCWs to prevent or manage work-related stressors**
Following strict protective measures	138	56.3	161	71.2	299	63.5	χ2 = 11.28 P = 0.001*
Gaining knowledge	173	55.9	118	52.2	255	54.1	χ2 = 0.65 P = 0.42
Avoid media news	134	54.7	77	34.1	211	44.8	χ2 = 20.22 P = 0.001*
Relaxation activities	108	44.1	67	29.6	175	37.2	χ2 = 10.49 P = 0.001*
Support from family and friends	71	29.0	72	31.9	143	30.4	χ2 = 0.46 P = 0.49
Physical activity	74	30.2	62	27.4	136	28.9	χ2 = 0.44 P = 0.06
Days-off	79	32.2	53	23.5	132	28.0	χ2 = 4.51 P = 0.03*
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)	56	22.9	52	23.0	108	22.9	χ2 = 0.002 P = 0.97

χ2: Chi square test: *: statistically significant; **: Categories are not mutually exclusive.