The prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence amongst Palestinian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Background and clinical characteristics of female diabetic patients (n = 381).

Variable	N (%)
Age (years) <50 50–59.9 60–69.9 ≥70	69 (18.1) 141 (37.0) 117 (30.7) 54 (14.2)
BMI (kg/m^2) <18.5 18.5–24.9 25–29.9 30–34.9 ≥35	1 (0.3) 25 (6.7) 111 (29.7) 117 (30.7) 120 (31.5)
Smoking No Yes	338 (88.7) 43 (11.3)
Regular sport Yes No	120 (31.5) 259 (68.0)
Parity (n) <5 ≥5	114 (29.9) 256 (69.6)
History of abdominal/genitourinary surgeries No Yes	187 (49.3) 192 (50.7)
HbA1c (%) <7 ≥7	110 (31.6) 238 (68.4)
Duration of DM (years) <10 ≥10	196 (52.1) 180 (47.9)
Type of treatment Non-insulin Insulin	253 (66.4) 128 (33.6)
Complications of DM* No Yes	154 (40.1) 218 (59.0)
History of recurrent UTI No Yes	114 (30.1) 265 (69.9)

*Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot.

Table 2. Prevalence of UI in female diabetic patients: any UI, SUI and UUI.

Type of UI	N (%)
Any UI
Yes	165 (43.2)
No	216 (56.8)
Frequency (n = 165)
Less than once a month	41 (25.3)
Few times a month	31 (19.1)
Weekly	36 (22.2)
Daily	54 (33.4)
SUI (n = 165)
Yes	128 (77.6)
No	37 (22.9)
Frequency (n = 128)
Less than once a month	38 (30.4)
Few times a month	33 (26.4)
Weekly	21 (16.8)
Daily	33 (26.4)
UUI (n = 165)
Yes	133 (80.6)
No	32(19.4)
Frequency (n = 133)
Less than once a month	19 (14.3)
Few times a month	27 (20.3)
Weekly	31 (23.3)
Daily	56 (42.1)
Mixed UI (n = 165)
Yes	103(62.4)
No	52(37.6)

Table 3. Perceived impact of UI on female diabetic patients and their daily activities (n = 165).

Variable	N (%)
Bothering the patients
Not at all	40 (24.7)
Little or somehow	58 (35.8)
Highly bothered	63 (38.9)
Affect their daily routine life
Not at all	49 (29.7)
Little or somehow	57 (34.6)
Highly affected	58 (35.2)

Table 4. Patients’ characteristics in relation to UI amongst female diabetic patients (n = 381).

Variables	UI		P	OR (95% CI)
	Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Age (years)
<65	116 (43.4)	151 (56.6)	0.873	0.98 (0.63–1.5)
≥65	49 (43.0)	65 (57.0)
BMI (kg/m^2)
<30	50 (36.5)	87 (63.5)	0.042	1.5 (1.08–2.4)
≥30	111 (46.8)	126 (53.2)
Parity (n)
<5	58 (35.1)	96 (45.5)	0.040	1.6 (1.12–2.5)
≥5	107 (64.8)	115 (54.5)
Previous abdominal/ genitourinary surgeries
Yes	90 (46.9)	102 (53.1)	0.184	1.3 (0.90–2.0)
No	75 (40.1)	112 (59.9)
Regular sport
Yes	41 (24.8)	79 (37)	0.152	0.62 (0.24–1.3)
No	124 (75.2)	134 (63)
Smoking
Yes	33 (76.6)	10 (23.3)	0.642	084 (0.4–1.87)
No	246 (73.4)	89 (26.6)
HbA1c (%)
<7	44 (40.0)	64 (60.0)	0.517	1.2 (0.73–1.9)
≥7	104 (43.7)	134 (56.3)
Duration of DM (years)
<10	77 (39.3)	119 (60.7)	0.077	1.5 (0.98–2.2)
≥10	87 (48.3)	93 (51.7)
Type of treatment
Insulin	62 (48.4)	66 (51.6)	0.151	1.4 (0.92–20.1)
Non-insulin	103 (40.7)	150 (59.3)
History of recurrent UTI
Yes	134 (51.1)	128 (48.9)	<0.001	3.1 (1.9–5.1)
No	28 (25.0)	84 (75.0)
Complication of DM
Yes	105 (46.3)	122 (53.7)	0.158	1.3 (0.90–2.4)
No	60 (39.0)	94 (61.0)

Table 5. Adjusted association of UI amongst female diabetic patients (n = 381).

Variables	SE of OR	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
Age (years)
<65	0.254	0.934 (0.60–1.6)	0.93
≥65
BMI (kg/m^2)
<30	0.232	1.5 (0.94–2.3)	0.98
≥30
Parity (n)
<5	0.249	1.7 (1.1–2.7)	0.042
≥5
Duration of DM (years)
<10	0.228	1.4 (0.90–2.1)	0.206
≥10
History of recurrent UTI
Yes	0.259	3.0 (1.9–4.9)	<0.001
No

SE, standard error.